SABE201 history - Business Objects(TM) Enterprise Certified Professional XI Level One Updated: 2024 | ||||||||
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Exam Code: SABE201 Business Objects(TM) Enterprise Certified Professional XI Level One history January 2024 by Killexams.com team | ||||||||
Business Objects(TM) Enterprise Certified Professional XI Level One Business-Objects Professional history | ||||||||
Other Business-Objects examsDMDI301 BusinessObjects Data Integrator XI - Level TwoQAW1301 Business Objects Certified Professional Business Objects Web QAWI201V3-0 Business Objects Certified Professional Web Intelligence XI 3.0 QAWI301 QAWI301V3.0 SABE201 Business Objects(TM) Enterprise Certified Professional XI Level One SABE501V3-0 Business Objects Certified Professional - Business Objects Enterprise XI 3.0 | ||||||||
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Business-Objects SABE201 Business Objects(TM) Enterprise Certified Professional XI Level One Download Full Version : http://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/SABE201 D. Click New and then specify Publication Name, Class Name and Variable Name. Answer: A Question: 70 Which statement describes how corporate categories operate as a component of a content and management plan for your BusinessObjects Enterprise system? A. Categories must be set up to reflect each user's personal requirements. B. Copies of objects must be added to each category where they are included. C. Users have rights to access each object in a category based on its genuine folder location. D. Access rights to objects in categories must be set for each user. Answer: C Question: 71 Profiles are used in conjunction with publications to personalize the content that users see when Web Intelligence documents are published using single-pass report bursting. A. True B. False Answer: B Question: 72 Which three factors must be considered when designing a content and system management plan in BusinessObjects Enterprise? (Choose three.) A. Whether existing Windows user groups can be used B. The corporate categories that will be used C. Whether BusinessObjects Enterprise servers will be managed D. The number of objects that will be managed Answer: A, B, D Question: 73 Which two locations provide error information when a scheduled Crystal Report instance fails to run? (Choose two.) 23 A. Instance Properties B. Instance History tab C. Schedule Information tab D. Schedule Status Report Answer: A, B Question: 74 Which two databases does the BusinessObjects Enterprise Central Management Server (CMS) maintain? (Choose two.) A. Event B. Config C. Audit D. System Answer: C, D Question: 75 Wanda is a member of the Marketing group and the Admin group. The Marketing group has Full Control access to the Marketing folder in BusinessObjects Enterprise. The Admin group has View access. Wanda's user account is explicitly denied access to the Marketing folder. What effective access rights does Wanda have to the Marketing folder? A. Full Control B. View C. Full Control and View D. No Access Answer: D Question: 76 When publishing content to BusinessObjects Enterprise using the Publishing Wizard, which two types of objects are you able to publish? (Choose two.) A. OLAP Intelligence documents B. Desktop Intelligence documents C. Web Intelligence documents 24 D. Crystal Reports Answer: A, D Question: 77 The Schedule For option is available and working for which of the following two options. (Choose two.) A. Web Intelligence documents B. OLAP Intelligence documents C. Crystal Reports that are neither based on Business Views nor on Universes D. Crystal Reports based on Business Views Answer: A, D Question: 78 On which messaging protocol is the BusinessObjects Enterprise infrastructure based? A. COM+ B. CORBA C. DCE D. Java/RMI Answer: B Question: 79 Which two BusinessObjects Enterprise servers generate cache pages? (Choose two.) A. Report Application Server B. Desktop Intelligence Cache Server C. Crystal Reports Cache Server D. Crystal Reports Page Server Answer: A, D 25 For More exams visit http://killexams.com Kill your test at First Attempt....Guaranteed! | ||||||||
"It's a great product and it's doing great things for people," said Michael Ward, founder and principal of Creative TechnologyTraining Solutions in Shelby Township, Mich. "But they're hurting partners, and that hurts their customers." Ward filed a lawsuit against Business Objects early last year in Michigan's Oakland County Circuit Court, seeking payment for $330,000 in product sales commissions that CTTS says it was owed but never paid. Business Objects responded with a countersuit charging CTTS with licensing breaches and trademark infringements. Both lawsuits have been dropped as part of a settlement finalized last week, which gave Ward financial compensation he deemed reasonable, along with other concessions. "I didn't get everything, in terms of financials, that I should have been entitled to, but no one does in a settlement," Ward said. He declined to disclose the amount Business Objects agreed to pay. Business Objects did not respond in time for publication to a request for comment on the litigation with CTTS. In addition to financial compensation, Ward extracted a concession he deemed equally important: An agreement that Business Objects won't take action against him for his training business. Like a number of other independent training consultants, CTTS offers Business Objects training but is not one of the company's authorized education partners. That arrangement may put it in violation of Business Objects' license terms, which appear to block licensees from using Business Objects' software in commercial training classes without authorization. Multiple independent trainers have reported receiving letters from Business Objects warning them to pay up for a "classroom license agreement" or discontinue their training offerings. One irate trainer, Ken Hamady, posted a copy of the letter on his Web site. Ward's settlement with Business Objects allows him to continue offering his training services without paying for Business Objects' classroom license or using its official training materials, he said. But the run-up to the settlement involved a fair bit of hardball, according to Ward. Business Objects abruptly discontinued his tech support late last year, claiming Ward was behind on paying invoices Ward says he never received. Getting service reinstated has been a drawn-out affair; with the settlement signed, Ward hopes to be back on support soon. Business Objects' showdown with CTTS comes amid grumbling from some partners about the company's encroachment on their turf. While Business Objects' net license fees rose from $516 million to $560 million between 2005 and 2006, the percentage of those fees that came from direct sales increased from 51 percent in 2005 to 54 percent last year. Meanwhile, Business Objects' professional services revenue grew to 196 million, a 31 percent increase over the prior year. Under new leadership since late 2005, when John Schwarz replaced company co-founder Bernard Liautaud as CEO, Business Objects is fighting for a vanguard position in a rapidly shifting -- and consolidating -- market. Enterprise application giants like Microsoft and Oracle (which recently snapped up Hyperion, a Business Objects rival) are gunning for a bigger share of the business intelligence market, while the industry's surviving pure-play vendors struggle to adapt to the software-as-a-service rise and to changing economics that require stronger midmarket sales. To better target the midmarket, Business Objects recently launched a new Crystal Decisions-branded line of lower-cost offerings, a move popular with VARs. Business Objects on Monday unveiled a line of BI tools designed for midsize companies, defined by the vendor as businesses with sales of up to $1 billion and 2,500 or fewer employees. Business Objects also announced that it is leaving the job of providing professional services to midsize customers to its network of 2,300 channel partners. Market research firm IDC puts the worldwide BI software market at $5.9 billion, and Business Objects estimates that 35 percent of that -- or about $2.1 billion -- comes from midsize companies. But while many large companies have implemented BI software, there are still a lot of sales opportunities in the SMB space, says Todd Rowe, Business Objects' vice president of worldwide midmarket business. He estimates that the midsize BI market is growing at 12.5 percent compared to 9.8 percent for BI sales overall. Business Objects sells a number of BI, enterprise information management, and planning and budgeting applications to large customers. The new product for midsize companies, which typically have small IT budgets and fewer technical resources, is a single integrated package the vendor says is affordable and easy to deploy. Monday the company debuted Business Objects Crystal Decisions, Standard Edition with reporting, ad hoc query and analysis, and dashboard tools. Rowe insists the midmarket package isn't a "dumbed-down" version of Business Objects' enterprise-class software. But it has fewer configuration options (five vs. 20 for the flagship BusinessObjects XI) and will not run on Unix. Pricing in North America starts at $20,000 for five concurrent users on a single Windows or Linux server. The relatively low price is a key selling point for solution providers such as Bob Vander Woude, sales and marketing vice president at Preferred Strategies, a Soquel, Calif.-based company that integrates Business Objects software with ERP applications from J.D. Edwards and other vendors. "I think it's the right product positioned for the entry-level customer," he says, noting that it's tough to get a sales foot in customers' doors with products sporting six-figure price tags. With Business Objects' new offering, "I think we're going to get a lot more accounts that we can grow," Vander Woude says. By mid-2007 Business Objects plans to offer a Professional Edition of the midmarket package with data-integration capabilities. A Premium Edition, due in the second half of the year, will add performance management functionality, including scorecards and advanced metrics, to the mix. All three editions are based on the same code base as BusinessObjects XI software. Under the shift in Business Objects' partner engagement model, channel partners will now be the primary vehicles for delivering professional services to midmarket customers. The vendor says that represents a significant expansion of service opportunities for solution providers. That's in addition to the opportunity to generate revenue through software license margins by co-selling Business Objects software, as well as through training and education (either their own services or reselling those provided by Business Objects), and maintenance and support services. Business Objects is also working with solution providers to develop software templates, reports, and data connectors around Business Objects Crystal Decisions for specific business processes and vertical industries. Business Objects may resell some of those partner-developed products, paying royalties in the process. While Business Objects will directly sell Business Objects Crystal Decisions to named accounts, sales representatives will earn the same commission if they make a sale through a VAR, thus avoiding channel conflict. Business Objects also will operate a deal registry for channel partners. Today about 50 percent of all Business Objects' sales are generated through the channel; Rowe expects that number to increase with the midmarket initiative. By Bill WilsonBusiness reporter, BBC News A hundred years ago, teams of women were playing in front of large crowds and making big money. Then the Football Association banned them from its grounds. Here's the story of the fall and rise of women's football, told through 10 objects collected by the National Football Museum. "Complaints having been made as to football being played by women, the [FA] council feel impelled to express their strong opinion that the game of football is quite unsuitable for females and ought not to be encouraged. Complaints have also been made as to the conditions under which some of these matches have been arranged and played, and the appropriation of receipts to other than charitable objects." With these words in 1921, the FA decided to ban the playing of women's football in FA-member grounds, which strangled the game as a successful business as the stricture remained in place for 50 years. In other countries there were outright bans on women playing. Jean Williams, the University of Wolverhampton's professor of sport, takes us through items which show the business history and struggles of the women's game. 1. 1895 Sketch magazine print of Nettie Honeyball 'in her football costume'"In 1863 we get the formation of the Football Association and of the modern game. The first women's football games that we know about are in 1881, and they are professional games played to large audiences and they make money. It seems they are organised by local businessmen. The 1881-82 games are relatively short lived. "Nettie Honeyball is the secretary and captain of the first British Ladies Football Club, which was founded in 1894. She was a middle class woman, and they had a non-playing president Lady Florence Dixie, who was upper class. "In historic terms this was the first time women organised football for women. The first game was in Crouch End in 1895 before 10,000 people, which must have generated healthy receipts. Hundreds of games follow in the next few years and the women's game is played all over Britain." 2. Wheaties cereal box from the 1990s featuring US player Michelle Akers"In the 1991 women's world championship she was the winner of the golden boot. She was the first real international women's football star and was massive in the US. She paved the way for Mia Hamm and Hope Solo, but interestingly one of the things that constricted her potential success was that she suffered from chronic fatigue disorder. But for that, her international profile could have been much more. "The narrative of the Wheaties box is that she has had challenges to overcome but is still achieving and can't be held back. This is all referred to on the packaging of the cereal, which the manufacturers call 'The Breakfast of Champions'. "It is one of the first commercial endorsements of this type in the 1990s, at a time when Fifa finally decided they were going to actively oversee women's football, having taken over its stewardship in 1971 but not doing much to promote it in the intervening years." 3. Programmes from 1950s women's football matches"The crux of the FA's ban is that it does not ban women's football outright, but stops it being played on member clubs' grounds. Before the ban women's football is an entertainment spectacle, and if you play it in enclosed stadiums then you can charge people money to come in and watch. "Once the ban comes in women's football goes to other venues: to rugby league and cricket grounds, as well as other venues. These programmes show games being played at Belle Vue speedway stadium, Manchester, and at a general sports stadium on the Isle of Man. "But the FA puts pressure on other sports not to host women's games, which destroys the business model of the women's game. And that gives growth to the myth that women's football has never been an entertaining commercial spectacle. The game is still finding its way back from the ban." 4. Christie and Barbie football dolls"These dolls were released for sale before the 1999 Women's World Cup by toymaker Mattel. The goalkeeper of that team was Briana Scurry." [The first woman goalkeeper and first black woman to be elected to the US National Soccer Hall of Fame.] "But more generally, it reflects [the fact] that the American consumer market was sensitive and aware of questions of ethnicity and race. The marketing of the dolls was as diverse and inclusive as it could be. "There was obviously already an established business around the Barbie and Christie brands, but such was the growing marketing power of women's football that a major manufacturer thought it could cash in further around the 1999 World Cup." 5. Shirt from Eniola Aluko's debut, England v Netherlands, 2004"The business significance is that major manufacturer Umbro produced the shirt. Historically, sporting brands have not created consumer markets in women's football replica wear in the same way that they have done in other sports, particularly the high-fashion ones of tennis and golf. "It is only relatively recently that that sporting brands have released football shirts cut for women, or boots specifically made for female feet. However, while these other aspects of women's football shirts have progressed, what is interesting is that often the shirt sponsors within the game are not of such 'high brand value' as the men's game. "There is a real opportunity out there for brands such as cosmetics firms to sponsor women's football teams, but you get brands like Nivea preferring to partner with the Liverpool men's football team." 6. A ticket from the 1991 Women's World Championship with sponsor"This ticket, being sponsored by M&Ms, shows that a major US confectionery brand was using women's football to try and crack the potential new business market of China. The tournament was played for the M&Ms Cup. Meanwhile, China wanted to establish a commercial relationship with the West. "There were seven sponsors of this first official women's global tournament in 1991, which Fifa interestingly, and tentatively, called a 'world championship' and not a World Cup. Fifa wanted to get into China and China wanted to join the world football family, so to test the waters this low-financial-risk event was drawn up. "The event was a sporting success and also a successful media product, it was sold to TV companies around the world, and it showed full stadia for the women's game." 7. Ball and boots of the type worn by 1920s/30s star Lily Parr"Lily Parr was the star of the Dick, Kerr Ladies football team of Preston. She began playing for the team at 14, and played for them for 20 years. There are various reports of Lily receiving 'broken time payments', that is, financial compensation for amateur players for time they had had to take off from their day jobs. These women players were nurses, munitions workers, and so on. "These payments, with her earnings from nursing, enabled her to become the first person in her family to own their own home. Obviously this all relates to the ban of 1921 as the FA decides too much of the charitable funds from women's matches are being used for player expenses. They were meant to be amateurs but the financial arrangements could be described as at best opaque. "The boots and ball are from her era. She was a left winger, then moved back into defence and ended her career in goal." 8. Poster for an unofficial Women's World Cup in 1970"There were two unofficial Women's World Cups held in the early 1970s: one in Italy in 1970 and one in Mexico a year later, both backed by local business interests and played in major football stadiums. "In Mexico the event definitely looked to piggyback the men's World Cup held in the country the previous year. That would explain the commercialisation of the women's event there, which was considerable, with key rings, badges, programmes and other consumables produced, and a lot of coverage in the local press. The final was played in the Azteca Stadium in front of 110,000. "The Italian event was sponsored by Italian multinational drinks brand Martini & Rossi, and its final was held in the Turin's Stadio Communale in front of 40,000." [Denmark defeated the host nations in both finals]. 9. Postcard of Dick, Kerr Ladies FC (1920s)"Dick, Kerr wanted to be known as the best in the world, but also wanted to plug into the success of the local men's team and the civic notion of Proud Preston. They had a regular paying public who supported them financially at weekends but also at pioneering floodlit matches. "Most of the crowds at their games are local working-class men. When we think we are being progressive by following women's football, it was these men who were coming out to support the team week in, week out. "This commercially-produced postcard is evidence of 'ambient marketing', typical of how the team's fame spread beyond their home town to a much wider audience. Newsreel films and magazine articles will also have spread their name further afield." 10. Art deco statuette of a female footballer"Because women's football has always been topical, representing modernity, assertive female physicality, and - in its early days - played solely to raise large sums of money, its broader representation has always been culturally significant. "So artefacts, collectables, disposable items, ephemera, have been created around the game over the decades. This statuette is an example of a stylised female football player that someone would have had in their home. It is 1920s in appearance. "There were a lot of similar models made around women's boxing and athletics; beautified art deco creations." Professor Williams has organised Upfront and Onside: The Women's Football Conference, about the history and heritage of women's football to be held at the National Football Museum in Manchester on International Women's Day, 8 March, and the following day. BusinessObjects was acquired by SAP in 2007 for $6 billion. BusinessObjects was acquired by SAP in 2009 for $78 billion, its largest acquisition to date. Initially, BusinessObjects operated independently, but in 2009 became a SAP division, and its products became SAP BusinessObjects. Is SAP BusinessObjects dead?The general availability announcement for SAP BusinessObjects BI 4 was made recently by SAP. The SAP Business Intelligence 4 application is in step 3. Thus, all speculations that SAP was getting rid of BusinessObjects came to an end. SAP announced SAP BI 4 instead. Supported until 2027, this is 3. What is SAP BusinessObjects platform?With BusinessObjects Business Intelligence, you can easily report on, visualize, and share data. In its role as an on-premises BI layer for SAP's Business Technology Platform, it transforms data into actionable insights available from any location, at any time. How much does Business Objects cost?Starting at $14000, SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence is offered by SAP. The annual fee is $800. There is no free version of the software. There is no free trial for SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence. How much does SAP for small business cost?Starting at $24,958/month for SAP Business One AP Business One Starting @ âč 24,958/Month* How much does it cost for SAP?As for the licenses, a Professional license will set you back about $3213, whereas a Limited license is $1666 per year. For those who are Professional users, they must pay $94 per month per user, whereas those who are Limited users must pay $54 per month per user. Additionally, you can also purchase a subscription for one year for a prepaid amount. Does SAP own business objects?SAP BusinessObjects (BO, BOBJ, or BObjects) is a business intelligence (BI) software company founded by SAP. SAP acquired BusinessObjects in 2007 for a reported $5 billion. During its final earnings release before being acquired by SAP, the company reported that it had over 46,000 customers. Is SAP BusinessObjects free?Price details on SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence pricing starts at $14,000. The annual fee is $800. There is no free version of the software. Is SAP BusinessObjects an ERP?We will now examine the instruments that are included in the SAP BI offer from the end user's perspective: SAP BusinessObjects BI Suite is a real-time BI platform that is on premises. Integrating extra analytical tools, data sources, or separate applications like ERP is also an option. What is SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence?With SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence, you can create reports, share data visualisations, and report on it. It transforms data into useful insights and makes them available anytime, anywhere as the on-premise BI layer for SAP's Business Technology Platform. What is SAP Business Intelligence platform?SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence is a tool that provides business intelligence. With SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence, you can create reports, share data visualisations, and report on it. In its role as an on-premises BI layer for SAP's Business Technology Platform, it transforms data into actionable insights available from any location, at any time. What is SAP BusinessObjects Explorer?The SAP BusinessObjects Explorer lets you access data within your Business Intelligence system in a Google like manner: just type your question and it will deliver the data in a table, chart, or a variety of other ways that will make sense to you. Which functionalities belong to the current portfolio of SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence?
Is SAP a reporting tool?BI is a tool used to store data and report on it. BI (Business Intelligence) involves cleaning raw data, applying business logic, processing it, and presenting user-friendly information. Business Intelligence is a SAP product that offers a user-friendly interface. What is SAP BusinessObjects Web Intelligence?A web-based reporting and analysis tool for SAP Business Objects is SAP Business Objects Web Intelligence (WebI). This is a tool that allows you to analyze workforce-related data as a part of the Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) of Washington Workforce Analytics (WWA). What is meant by SAP Bobj?Reporting and analytical business intelligence (BI) are the core functions of SAP BusinessObjects BI. Formerly known as BOBJ, SAP BO is a business intelligence software solution. This is a front-end-based platform for business intelligence that pulls in data from various back-end sources, rather than storing it in the application itself. What is the use of Bobj in SAP?Reporting and analytical business intelligence (BI) are the core functions of SAP BusinessObjects BI. Formerly known as BOBJ, SAP BO is a business intelligence software solution. The application includes multiple reporting applications that allow users to conduct analytics, find data, ous reporting applications that help the users to find data, conduct analytics, and generate reports. What happened to SAP Business Objects?Over time, it became one of the largest and most respected BI vendors. BusinessObjects was acquired by SAP in 2007 for $6 billion. In 2001, SAP acquired SAP for $78 billion, their largest acquisition to date. Is Business Objects end of life?You may be aware that SAP BusinessObjects BI platform version 4 was recently released. From 31 December 2020, number 1 will undergo an official 'End of Life' (EOL) designation. There are still customers still running 4. As long as you keep using unsupported software, you will be subject to the normal operational, security, and compliance risks that go along with this. What is the latest version of SAP Business Objects?With SAP BusinessObjects BI 4, a highly successful beta has been completed. The third release has been released. The 4. With the latest version 3, this industry leaders' scalable enterprise reporting platform has taken a major step forward. Yevgeny Prigozhin rose from being an ex-con and hot dog vendor to winning lucrative Kremlin contracts and heading a formidable mercenary army. But it all came to a sudden end when the private plane carrying him and others mysteriously exploded over Russia. Prigozhinâs Aug. 23 death put an exclamation point on what had already been an eventful year for the brutal mercenary leader. His Wagner Group troops brought Russia a rare victory in its grinding war in Ukraine, capturing the city of Bakhmut. But internal friction with Russian military leaders later burst into the open, with Prigozhin briefly mounting an armed rebellion â the most severe challenge yet to Russian President Vladimir Putinâs rule. WATCH: A look back at the biggest news events that shaped 2023 and made history The rebellion was called off and a deal was struck in less than 24 hours. However, just two months later, Prigozhin joined the list of those who have run afoul of the Kremlin and died unexpectedly. He was just one of a number of noteworthy people who died in 2023. The world also said goodbye to former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who died Nov. 29. Serving under two presidents, Kissingerâs shadow loomed large in the foreign policy arena, prompting both admiration and criticism from around the globe. And he continued his involvement in global affairs even in his final months. Another political figure who died this year was former U.S. first lady Rosalynn Carter, who died Nov. 19. She was the closest adviser to her husband, former President Jimmy Carter, during his one term in the White House and then across four decades of global humanitarian work. Others from the world of politics who died this year include: former Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi; former U.S. senators Dianne Feinstein, James Buckley and James Abourezk; former British treasury chief Nigel Lawson; former Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf; former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OâConnor; former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang; former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari; former New Mexico governor and American ambassador to the United Nations Bill Richardson; former New Jersey Lt. Gov. Sheila Oliver; and former Greek Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos. Among the entertainers who left the world this year was singer Tina Turner, who died May 24. Turnerâs powerful voice and stage presence brought her fame across multiple decades, first with her abusive husband, Ike Turner, in the 1960âs and 70âs. But after leaving their marriage, she found fame again in the 1980âs with her hit âWhatâs Love Got to Do With It.â Others in the world of arts and entertainment who died this year include: actors Suzanne Somers, Matthew Perry, Raquel Welch, Richard Belzer, Chaim Topol, Jacklyn Zeman, Lance Reddick, Alan Arkin, Paul Reubens, David McCallum, Richard Roundtree and Tom Sizemore; musicians Jimmy Buffett, SinĂ©ad OâConnor, Rita Lee Jones, Burt Bacharach, David Crosby, Fito Olivares, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Astrud Gilberto, Coco Lee and Tony Bennett; civil rights activist and entertainer Harry Belafonte; TV producer Norman Lear; author Cormac McCarthy; filmmaker William Friedkin; TV hosts Bob Barker and Jerry Springer; poet Louise GlĂŒck; guitarist Jeff Beck; fashion designer Mary Quant; wrestler The Iron Sheik; composer Kaija Saariaho; and âSesame Streetâ co-creator Lloyd Morrisett. Here is a roll call of some influential figures who died in 2023 (cause of death cited for younger people, if available): JanuaryFred White, 67. A drummer who backed up his brothers Maurice and Verdine White in the Grammy-winning ensemble Earth, Wind & Fire. Jan. 1. Ken Block, 55. A motorsports icon known for his stunt driving and for co-founding the action sports apparel brand DC Shoes. Jan. 2. Snowmobiling accident. Walter Cunningham, 90. The last surviving astronaut from the first successful crewed space mission in NASAâs Apollo program. Jan. 3. Fay Weldon, 91. A British author known for her sharp wit and acerbic observations about womenâs experiences and sexual politics in novels including âThe Life And Loves Of A She-Devil.â Jan. 4. Russell Pearce, 75. A Republican lawmaker who was the driving force behind Arizonaâs landmark 2010 anti-immigration legislation known as the âshow me your papersâ law. Jan. 5. Charles Simic, 84. The Pulitzer Prize-winning poet who awed critics and readers with his singular art of lyricism and economy, tragic insight and disruptive humor. Jan. 9. Lynette âDiamondâ Hardaway, 51. An ardent supporter of former President Donald Trump and one half of the conservative political commentary duo Diamond and Silk. Jan. 8. Jeff Beck, 78. A guitar virtuoso who pushed the boundaries of blues, jazz and rock ânâ roll, influencing generations of shredders along the way and becoming known as the guitar playerâs guitar player. Jan. 10. Constantine, 82. The former and last king of Greece, who won an Olympic gold medal in sailing and spent decades in exile after becoming entangled in his countryâs volatile politics in the 1960s. Jan. 10. Tatjana Patitz, 56. She was one of an elite group of supermodels who graced magazine covers in the 1980s and â90s and appeared in George Michaelâs âFreedom! â90â music video. Jan. 11. Lisa Marie Presley, 54. The only child of Elvis Presley and a singer-songwriter dedicated to her fatherâs legacy. Jan. 12. Robbie Knievel, 60. An American stunt performer who set records with daredevil motorcycle jumps following in the tire tracks of his thrill-seeking father Evel Knievel. Jan. 13. Ray Cordeiro, 98. He interviewed music acts including the Beatles during a six-decade career on Hong Kong radio that earned him the title of the worldâs longest-working disc jockey. Jan. 13. Lloyd Morrisett, 93. The co-creator of the beloved childrenâs TV series âSesame Street,â which has used empathy and fuzzy monsters like Elmo and Cookie Monster to charm and teach generations around the world. Jan. 15. Gina Lollobrigida, 95. An Italian film legend who achieved international stardom during the 1950s and was dubbed âthe most beautiful woman in the worldâ after the title of one of her movies. Jan. 16. Chris Ford, 74. A member of the Boston Celtics 1981 championship team, a longtime NBA coach and the player credited with scoring the leagueâs first 3-point basket. Jan. 17. David Crosby, 81. The brash rock musician who evolved from a baby-faced harmony singer with the Byrds to a mustachioed hippie superstar and troubadour in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Sept. 18. Cindy Williams, 75. She was among the most recognizable stars in America in the 1970s and 1980s for her role as Shirley on the beloved sitcom âLaverne & Shirley.â Jan. 25. Billy Packer, 82. An Emmy award-winning college basketball broadcaster who covered 34 Final Fours for NBC and CBS. Jan. 26. Sylvia Syms, 89. She starred in classic British films including âIce Cold in Alexâ and âVictim.â Jan. 27. Barrett Strong, 81. One of Motownâs founding artists and most gifted songwriters who sang lead on the companyâs breakthrough single âMoney (Thatâs What I Want)â and collaborated with Norman Whitfield on such classics as âI Heard It Through the Grapevine,â âWarâ and âPapa Was a Rollinâ Stone.â Jan. 28. Tom Verlaine, 73. The guitarist and co-founder of the seminal proto-punk band Television who influenced many bands while playing at ultra-cool downtown New York music venue CBGB alongside the Ramones, Patti Smith and Talking Heads. Jan. 28. Bobby Hull, 84. A Hall of Fame forward who helped the Chicago Blackhawks win the 1961 Stanley Cup Final. Jan. 30. FebruaryPaco Rabanne, 88. The Spanish-born designer known for perfumes sold worldwide but who made his name with metallic space-age fashions that put a bold, new edge on catwalks. Feb. 3. Harry Whittington, 95. The man who former Vice President Dick Cheney accidentally shot while they were hunting quail on a Texas ranch more than 17 years ago. Feb. 4. Hsing Yun, 95. A Buddhist abbot who established a thriving religious community in southern Taiwan and built universities overseas. Feb. 5. Pervez Musharraf, 79. The general who seized power in a bloodless coup and later led a reluctant Pakistan into aiding the U.S. war in Afghanistan against the Taliban. Feb. 5. Burt Bacharach, 94. The singularly gifted and popular composer who delighted millions with the quirky arrangements and unforgettable melodies of âWalk on By,â âDo You Know the Way to San Joseâ and dozens of other hits. Feb. 8. Carlos Saura, 91. Spainâs celebrated filmmaker who earned three Academy Award nominations for Best Foreign Language Film during his seven-decade career. Feb. 10. Hugh Hudson, 86. A British filmmaker who debuted as a feature director with the Oscar-winning Olympics drama âChariots of Fireâ and made other well-regarded movies including âMy Life So Farâ and the Oscar-nominated âGreystroke.â Feb. 10. Hans Modrow, 95. He served as East Germanyâs last communist leader during a turbulent tenure that ended in the countryâs first and only free election. Feb. 11. David Jude Jolicoeur, 54. Widely known as Trugoy the Dove, he was one of the founding members of the Long Island hip hop trio De La Soul. Feb. 12. Huey âPianoâ Smith, 89. A beloved New Orleans session musician who backed Little Richard, Lloyd Price and other early rock stars, and with his own group made the party favorites âDonât You Just Know Itâ and âRockinâ Pneumonia and Boogie Woogie Flu.â Feb. 13. Leiji Matsumoto, 85. The anime creator known for âSpace Battleship Yamatoâ and other classics using a fantastical style and antiwar themes. Feb. 13. Raquel Welch, 82. Her emergence from the sea in a skimpy, furry bikini in the film âOne Million Years B.C.â propelled her to international sex symbol status in the 1960s and â70s. Feb. 15. Tim McCarver, 81. The All-Star catcher and Hall of Fame broadcaster who during 60 years in baseball won two World Series titles with the St. Louis Cardinals and had a long run as one of the countryâs most recognized, incisive and talkative television commentators. Feb. 16. Stella Stevens, 84. A prominent leading lady in 1960s and 70s comedies perhaps best known for playing the object of Jerry Lewisâs affection in âThe Nutty Professor.â Feb. 17. Richard Belzer, 78. The longtime stand-up comedian who became one of TVâs most indelible detectives as John Munch in âHomicide: Life on the Streetâ and âLaw & Order: SVU.â Feb. 19. Ahmed Qureia, 85. A former Palestinian prime minister and one of the architects of interim peace deals with Israel. Feb. 22. James Abourezk, 92. A South Dakota Democrat who grew up on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, became the first Arab American U.S. senator and was known for his quick wit as he advocated for populist causes. Feb. 24. Betty Boothroyd, 93. The first female speaker of Britainâs House of Commons. Feb. 26. Ricou Browning, 93. A skilled swimmer best known for his underwater role as the Gill Man in the quintessential 3D black-and-white 1950s monster movie âCreature from the Black Lagoon.â Feb. 27. GĂ©rard Latortue, 88. A former interim prime minister of Haiti who helped rebuild and unite the country after a violent coup in the mid-2000s. Feb. 27. MarchJust Fontaine, 89. The French soccer great who scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 World Cup. March 1. Barbara Everitt Bryant, 96. The first woman to run the U.S. Census Bureau and its leader during the contentious debate over how to compensate for undercounts of minority groups in the 1990 census. March 2. Tom Sizemore, 61. The âSaving Private Ryanâ actor whose bright 1990s star burned out under the weight of his own domestic violence and drug convictions. March 3. Kenzaburo Oe, 88. The Nobel literature laureate whose darkly poetic novels were built from his childhood memories during Japanâs postwar occupation and from being the parent of a disabled son. March 3. Judy Heumann, 75. A renowned activist who helped secure legislation protecting the rights of people with disabilities. March 4. Gary Rossington, 71. A co-founder and last surviving original member of Lynyrd Skynyrd who helped write the classic answer song âSweet Home Alabamaâ and played unforgettable slide guitar on the rock anthem âFree Bird.â March 5. Georgina Beyer, 65. A trailblazing New Zealand politician who in 1999 became the worldâs first openly transgender member of Parliament. March 6. Traute Lafrenz, 103. She was the last known survivor of a German group known as the White Rose that actively resisted the Nazis. March 6. Peterson Zah, 85. A monumental Navajo Nation leader who guided the tribe through a politically tumultuous era and worked tirelessly to correct wrongdoings against Native Americans. March 7. Chaim Topol, 87. A leading Israeli actor who charmed generations of theatergoers and movie-watchers with his portrayal of Tevye, the long-suffering and charismatic milkman in âFiddler on the Roof.â March 8. Robert Blake, 89. The Emmy award-winning performer who went from acclaim for his acting to notoriety when he was tried and acquitted in the killing of his wife. March 9. Jiang Yanyong, 91. A Chinese military doctor who revealed the full extent of the 2003 SARS outbreak and was later placed under house arrest for his political outspokenness. March 11. Bud Grant, 95. The stoic and demanding Hall of Fame coach who took the Minnesota Vikings and their mighty Purple People Eaters defense to four Super Bowls in eight years and lost all of them. March 11. Dick Fosbury, 76. The lanky leaper who revamped the technical discipline of high jump and won an Olympic gold medal with his âFosbury Flop.â March 12. Pat Schroeder, 82. A pioneer for womenâs and family rights in Congress. March 13. Gloria Bosman, age unknown. A smooth-voiced South African jazz musician who was lauded for her contribution to the countryâs music industry in a career spanning more than two decades. March 14. Jacqueline Gold, 62. She helped make lingerie and sex toys a female-friendly mainstream business as head of Britainâs Ann Summers chain. March 16. Lance Reddick, 60. A character actor who specialized in intense, icy and possibly sinister authority figures on TV and film, including âThe Wire,â âłFringeâ and the âJohn Wickâ franchise. March 17. John Jenrette, 86. The former U.S. congressman was a colorful politician who was convicted in the Abscam bribery scandal in the late 1970s and whose wife talked to Playboy about an in-session dalliance on the U.S. Capitol steps. March 17. Fito Olivares, 75. A Tejano musician known for songs that were wedding and quinceanera mainstays, including the hit âJuana La Cubana.â March 17. Willis Reed, 80. He dramatically emerged from the locker room minutes before Game 7 of the 1970 NBA Finals to spark the New York Knicks to their first championship and create one of sportsâ most enduring examples of playing through pain. March 21. Darcelle XV, 92. The iconic drag queen who was crowned the worldâs oldest working drag performer in 2016 by the Guinness Book of World Records. March 23. Paul OâGrady, 67. An entertainer who achieved fame as drag queen Lily Savage before becoming a much-loved comedian and host on British television. March 28. Ryuichi Sakamoto, 71. A world-renowned Japanese musician and actor who composed for Hollywood hits such as âThe Last Emperorâ and âThe Revenant.â March 28. Hedda Kleinfeld Schachter, 99. A bridal industry pioneer and Holocaust survivor who decided over a half century ago that brides deserved better than cookie-cutter dresses. March 29. AprilNigel Lawson, 91. The tax-cutting U.K. Treasury chief under the late Margaret Thatcher and a lion of Conservative politics in the late 20th century. April 3. Ben Ferencz, 103. The last living prosecutor from the Nuremberg trials, who tried Nazis for genocidal war crimes and was among the first outside witnesses to document the atrocities of Nazi labor and concentration camps. April 7. Elisabeth Kopp, 86. An advocate of equal rights and the environment who was the first woman elected to Switzerlandâs seven-member executive branch. April. 7. Michael Lerner, 81. The Brooklyn-born character actor who played a myriad of imposing figures in his 60 years in the business, including monologuing movie mogul Jack Lipnick in âBarton Fink,â the crooked club owner Bugsy Calhoun in âHarlem Nightsâ and an angry publishing executive in âElf.â April 8. Anne Perry, 84. The best-selling crime novelist known for her Thomas Pitt and William Monk detective series, and for her own murderous past that inspired the movie âHeavenly Creatures.â April 10. Al Jaffee, 102. Mad magazineâs award-winning cartoonist and ageless wise guy who delighted millions of kids with the sneaky fun of the Fold-In and the snark of âSnappy Answers to Stupid Questions.â April 10. Mary Quant, 93. The visionary fashion designer whose colorful, sexy miniskirts epitomized Swinging London in the 1960s and influenced youth culture around the world. April 13. Charles Stanley, 90. A prominent televangelist who once led the Southern Baptist Convention. April 18. Richard Riordan, 92. A wealthy Republican businessman who served two terms as Los Angeles mayor and steered the city through the Northridge earthquake and the recovery from the deadly 1992 riots. April 19. Todd Haimes, 66. He led the Roundabout Theatre Company from an off-off-Broadway company teetering on the edge of bankruptcy into a major theatrical force with works on five stages â including three Broadway theaters â and dozens of Tony Awards. April 19. Barry Humphries, 89. A Tony Award-winning comedian internationally renowned for his garish stage persona Dame Edna Everage, a condescending and imperfectly-veiled snob whose evolving character delighted audiences over seven decades. April 22. Len Goodman, 78. A long-serving judge on âDancing with the Starsâ and âStrictly Come Dancingâ who helped revive interest in ballroom dancing on both sides of the Atlantic. April 22. Harry Belafonte, 96. The civil rights and entertainment giant who began as a groundbreaking actor and singer and became an activist, humanitarian and conscience of the world. April 25. Carolyn Bryant Donham, 88. The white woman who accused Black teenager Emmett Till of making improper advances leading to his lynching in Mississippi in 1955. April 25. Jerry Springer, 79. The onetime mayor and news anchor whose namesake TV show featured a three-ring circus of dysfunctional guests willing to bare all â sometimes literally â as they brawled and hurled obscenities before a raucous audience. April 27. LeRoy âLeeâ Carhart, 81. He emerged from a two-decade career as an Air Force surgeon to become one of the best-known late-term abortion providers in the United States. April 28. Larry âGatorâ Rivers, 73. He helped integrate high school basketball in Georgia before playing for the Harlem Globetrotters and becoming a county commissioner in his native Savannah. April 29. MayGordon Lightfoot, 84. The legendary folk singer-songwriter known for âIf You Could Read My Mindâ and âSundownâ and for songs that told tales of Canadian identity. May 1. Tori Bowie, 32. The sprinter who won three Olympic medals at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games. May 2. Complications of childbirth. Vida Blue, 73. A hard-throwing left-hander who became one of baseballâs biggest draws in the early 1970s and helped lead the brash Aâs to three straight World Series titles before his career was derailed by drug problems. May 6. Grace Bumbry, 86. A pioneering mezzo-soprano who became the first Black singer to perform at Germanyâs Bayreuth Festival during a more than three-decade career on the worldâs top stages. May 7. Rita Lee Jones, 75. Brazilâs million-selling âQueen of Rockâ who gained an international following through her colorful and candid style and such hits as âOvelha Negra,â âMania de VocĂȘâ and âNow Only Missing You.â May 8. Denny Crum, 86. He won two NCAA menâs basketball championships and built Louisville into one of the 1980sâ dominant programs during a Hall of Fame coaching career. May 9. Heather Armstrong, 47. Known as Dooce to fans, the pioneering mommy blogger laid bare her struggles as a mother and her battles with depression and alcoholism on her website and on social media. May 9. Jacklyn Zeman, 70. She played Bobbie Spencer for 45 years on ABCâs âGeneral Hospital.â May 9. Rolf Harris, 93. The veteran entertainer whose decades-long career as a family favorite on British and Australian television was shattered when he was convicted of sexual assaults on young girls. May 10. Kenneth Anger, 96. The shocking and influential avant-garde artist who defied sexual and religious taboos in short films such as âScorpio Risingâ and âFireworks,â and dished the most lurid movie star gossip in his underground classic âHollywood Babylon.â May 11. Doyle Brunson, 89. One of the most influential poker players of all time and a two-time world champion. May 14. Jim Brown, 87. The pro football Hall of Famer was an unstoppable running back who retired at the peak of his career to become an actor as well as a prominent civil rights advocate during the 1960s. May 18. Timothy Keller, 72. A pastor and best-selling author who founded the influential Redeemer Presbyterian Church in New York City. May 19. Andy Rourke, 59. Bass guitarist of The Smiths, one of the most influential British bands of the 1980s. May 19. Ray Stevenson, 58. The Irish actor who played the villainous British governor in âRRR,â an Asgardian warrior in the âThorâ films, and a member of the 13th Legion in HBOâs âRome.â May 21. Ed Ames, 95. The youngest member of the popular 1950s singing group the Ames Brothers, who later became a successful actor in television and musical theater. May 21. Tina Turner, 83. The unstoppable singer and stage performer who teamed with husband Ike Turner for a dynamic run of hit records and live shows in the 1960s and â70s and survived her horrifying marriage to triumph in middle age with the chart-topping âWhatâs Love Got to Do With It.â May 24. WATCH: Remembering Tina Turnerâs extraordinary life and legendary career George Maharis, 94. A stage-trained actor with rough-hewn good looks who became an icon to American youth in the 1960s as he cruised the country in a Corvette convertible in the hit television series âRoute 66.â May 24. Carroll Cooley, 87. The retired Phoenix police captain was the arresting officer in the landmark case partially responsible for the Supreme Courtâs Miranda rights ruling that requires suspects be read their rights. May 29. John Beasley, 79. The veteran character actor who played a kindly school bus driver on the TV drama âEverwoodâ and appeared in dozens of films dating back to the 1980s. May 30. Theodoros Pangalos, 84. A former Greek foreign minister known for his undiplomatic outbursts and on whose watch Greece suffered one of its most embarrassing foreign policy debacles in 1999. May 31. JuneKaija Saariaho, 70. She wrote acclaimed works that made her the among the most prominent composers of the 21st century. June 2. George Winston, 73. The Grammy-winning pianist who blended jazz, classical, folk and other stylings on such million-selling albums as âAutumn,â âWinter Into Springâ and âDecember.â June 4. Astrud Gilberto, 83. The Brazilian singer, songwriter and entertainer whose off-hand, English-language cameo on âThe Girl from Ipanemaâ made her a worldwide voice of bossa nova. June 5. Robert Hanssen, 79. A former FBI agent who took more than $1.4 million in cash and diamonds to trade secrets with Moscow in one of the most notorious spying cases in American history. June 5. Richard Snyder, 90. A visionary and imperious executive at Simon & Schuster who in bold-faced style presided over the publisherâs exponential rise during the second half of the 20th century and helped define an era of consolidation and growing corporate power. June 6. Françoise Gilot, 101. A prolific and acclaimed painter who created art for more than a half-century but was nonetheless more famous for her turbulent relationship with Pablo Picasso â and for leaving him. June 6. The Iron Sheik, 81. A former pro wrestler who relished playing a burly, bombastic villain in 1980s battles with some of the sportâs biggest stars and later became a popular Twitter personality. June 7. Pat Robertson, 93. A religious broadcaster who turned a tiny Virginia station into the global Christian Broadcasting Network, tried a run for president, and helped make religion central to Republican Party politics in America through his Christian Coalition. June 8. WATCH: The cultural and political legacy of Christian broadcaster Pat Robertson Theodore âTedâ Kaczynski, 81. Branded the âUnabomberâ by the FBI, he was the Harvard-educated mathematician who retreated to a shack in the Montana wilderness and ran a 17-year bombing campaign that killed three people and injured 23 others. June 10. Roger Payne, 88. The scientist who spurred a worldwide environmental conservation movement with his discovery that whales could sing. June 10. Silvio Berlusconi, 86. The boastful billionaire media mogul who was Italyâs longest-serving premier despite scandals over his sex-fueled parties and allegations of corruption. June 12. Treat Williams, 71. An actor whose nearly 50-year career included starring roles in the TV series âEverwoodâ and the movie âHair.â June 12. Motorcycle crash. Cormac McCarthy, 89. The Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist who in prose both dense and brittle took readers from the southern Appalachians to the desert Southwest in novels including âThe Road,â âBlood Meridianâ and âAll the Pretty Horses.â June 13. Glenda Jackson, 87. A two-time Academy Award-winning performer who had a second career as a British lawmaker before an acclaimed late-life return to stage and screen. June 15. Daniel Ellsberg, 92. The history-making whistleblower who by leaking the Pentagon Papers revealed longtime government doubts and deceit about the Vietnam War and inspired acts of retaliation by President Richard Nixon that helped lead to his resignation. June 16. Big Pokey, 48. A popular Texas rapper and original member of Houstonâs pioneering Screwed Up Click. June 18. George Frazier, 68. The former pitcher was a World Series champion who had a nearly three-decade run as a television broadcaster. June 19. H. Lee Sarokin, 94. The federal judge who freed boxer Rubin âHurricaneâ Carter and in a landmark case famously said tobacco companies engaged in a âvastâ conspiracy to conceal the dangers of smoking. June 20. Winnie Ewing, 93. A charismatic politician who is considered the mother of the modern Scottish independence movement. June 21. Sheldon Harnick, 99. A Tony- and Grammy Award-winning lyricist who with composer Jerry Bock made up the premier musical-theater songwriting duos of the 1950s and 1960s with shows such as âFiddler on the Roof,â âFiorello!â and âThe Apple Tree.â June 23. WATCH: Broadwayâs Sheldon Harnick looks back on 50 years of tradition John Goodenough, 100. He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work developing the lithium-ion battery that transformed technology with rechargeable power for devices ranging from cellphones, computers, and pacemakers to electric cars. June 25. Peg Yorkin, 96. She donated $10 million to the Feminist Majority Foundation, which she co-founded and pushed to bring the most common method of abortion to the United States. June 25. Sue Johanson, 93. A nurse who became a popular TV sex expert in Canada and the United States when she was in her 60s. June 28. Alan Arkin, 89. The wry character actor who demonstrated his versatility in everything from farcical comedy to chilling drama, receiving four Academy Award nominations and winning an Oscar in 2007 for âLittle Miss Sunshine.â June 29. JulyYan Mingfu, 91. A former top Communist Party figure who acted as an envoy to pro-democracy protesters in Beijingâs Tiananmen Square in 1989 and was forced out after the protests were crushed. July 3. John Berylson, 70. An American businessman known for his enthusiastic ownership of the English soccer team Millwall. July 4. Car crash. Coco Lee, 48. A Hong Kong-born singer and songwriter who had a highly successful career in Asia. July 5. James Lewis, 76. The suspect in the 1982 Tylenol poisonings that killed seven people in the Chicago area, triggered a nationwide scare and led to an overhaul in the safety of over-the-counter medication packaging. July 9. Mikala Jones, 44. A Hawaii surfer known for shooting awe-inspiring photos and videos from the inside of massive, curling waves. July 9. Surfing accident. AndrĂ© Watts, 77. A pianist whose televised debut with the New York Philharmonic as a 16-year-old in 1963 launched an international career of more than a half-century. July 12. Jane Birkin, 76. An actor and singer who made France her home and charmed the country with her English grace, natural style and social activism. July 16. Kevin Mitnick, 59. His pioneering antics tricking employees in the 1980s and 1990s into helping him steal software and services from big phone and tech companies made him the most celebrated U.S. hacker. July 16. Tony Bennett, 96. The eminent and timeless stylist whose devotion to classic American songs and knack for creating new standards such as âI Left My Heart In San Franciscoâ graced a decadeslong career that brought him admirers from Frank Sinatra to Lady Gaga. July 21. Hugh âSonnyâ Carter Jr., 80. He was an organizer in the âPeanut Brigadeâ that helped elect his cousin Jimmy to the White House and later enforced the presidentâs frugal ways in the West Wing. July 23. SinĂ©ad OâConnor, 56. The gifted Irish singer-songwriter who became a superstar in her mid-20s was as much known for her private struggles and provocative actions as her fierce and expressive music. July 26. WATCH: Why SinĂ©ad OâConnorâs legacy is deeper than her music Randy Meisner, 77. A founding member of the Eagles who added high harmonies to such favorites as âTake It Easyâ and âThe Best of My Loveâ and stepped out front for the waltz-time ballad âTake It to the Limit.â July 26. Paul Reubens, 70. The actor and comedian whose Pee-wee Herman character â an overgrown child with a tight gray suit and an unforgettable laugh â became a 1980s pop cultural phenomenon. July 30. Angus Cloud, 25. The actor who starred as the drug dealer Fezco âFezâ OâNeill on the HBO series âEuphoria.â July 31. AugustSheila Oliver, 71. The New Jersey lieutenant governor rose to become one of the stateâs most prominent Black leaders and passionately advocated for revitalizing cities and against gun violence. Aug. 1. Mark Margolis, 83. The Emmy-nominated actor who played murderous former drug kingpin Hector Salamanca in âBreaking Badâ and then in the prequel âBetter Call Saul.â Aug. 3. William Friedkin, 87. The Oscar winning director who became a top filmmaker in his 30s with the gripping âThe French Connectionâ and the horrifying âThe Exorcistâ and struggled in the following decades to match his early success. Aug. 7. Sixto Rodriguez, 81. He lived in obscurity as his music career flamed out early in the U.S. only to find success in South Africa and a stardom of which he was unaware. Aug. 8. Robbie Robertson, 80. The Bandâs lead guitarist and songwriter who in such classics as âThe Weightâ and âUp on Cripple Creekâ mined American music and folklore and helped reshape contemporary rock. Aug. 9. WATCH: Robbie Robertson on building The Band Tom Jones, 95. The lyricist, director and writer of âThe Fantasticks,â the longest-running musical in history. Aug. 11. Magoo, 50. The rapper known for his work in the hip-hop duo Timbaland & Magoo and hit song âUp Jumps da Boogieâ featuring Aaliyah and Missy Elliott. Aug. 13. Clarence Avant, 92. The judicious manager, entrepreneur, facilitator and adviser who helped launch or guide the careers of Quincy Jones, Bill Withers and many others and was known as the âBlack Godfatherâ of music and beyond. Aug. 13. Ada Deer, 88. An esteemed Native American leader from Wisconsin and the first woman to lead the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Aug. 15. Jerry Moss, 88. A music industry giant who co-founded A&M Records with Herb Alpert and rose from a Los Angeles garage to the heights of success with hits by Alpert, the Police, the Carpenters and hundreds of other performers. Aug. 16. Michael Parkinson, 88. The renowned British broadcaster who interviewed some of the worldâs most famous celebrities of the 20th century from Muhammad Ali to Miss Piggy. Aug. 16. Jiri Cerny, 87. A legendary Czech music critic who introduced Western music to generations of listeners behind the Iron Curtain and became one of the voices of the 1989 anti-communist Velvet Revolution. Aug. 17. Betty Tyson, 75. Convicted in a 1973 murder, she spent 25 years in prison before being exonerated on the basis of new evidence. Aug. 17. James Buckley, 100. The former New York senator was an early agitator for then-President Richard Nixonâs resignation and winner of a landmark lawsuit challenging campaign spending limits. Aug. 18. John Warnock, 82. The Silicon Valley entrepreneur and computer scientist who helped invent the PDF and co-founded Adobe Systems. Aug. 19. Ron Cephas Jones, 66. A veteran stage actor who won two Emmy Awards for his role as a long-lost father who finds redemption on the NBC television drama series âThis Is Us.â Aug. 19. Howard Hubbard, 84. A retired Catholic bishop who acknowledged covering up allegations of sexual abuse in his upstate New York diocese and later married a woman in a civil ceremony. Aug. 19. Yevgeny Prigozhin, 62. As head of the Wagner Group, he made his name as a profane and brutal mercenary boss before mounting an armed rebellion that was the most severe and shocking challenge to Russian President Vladimir Putinâs rule. Aug. 23. Plane crash. Bob Barker, 99. The enduring, dapper game show host who became a household name over a half century of hosting âTruth or Consequencesâ and âThe Price Is Right.â Aug. 26. Samuel âJoeâ Wurzelbacher, 49. He was thrust into the political spotlight as âJoe the Plumberâ after questioning Barack Obama about his economic policies during the 2008 presidential campaign. Aug. 27. Gil Brandt, 91. The Pro Football Hall of Fame member was the player personnel director alongside the stoic, fedora-wearing coach Tom Landry and media-savvy general manager Tex Schramm as part of the trio that built the Dallas Cowboys into âAmericaâs Teamâ in the 1970s. Aug. 31. SeptemberJimmy Buffett, 76. The singer-songwriter who popularized beach bum soft rock with the escapist Caribbean-flavored song âMargaritavilleâ and turned that celebration of loafing into a billion-dollar empire of restaurants, resorts and frozen concoctions. Sept. 1. Bill Richardson, 75. A two-term Democratic governor of New Mexico and an American ambassador to the United Nations who dedicated his post-political career to working to secure the release of Americans detained by foreign adversaries. Sept. 1. Steve Harwell, 56. The longtime frontman of the Grammy-nominated pop rock band Smash Mouth that was behind the megahit âAll Star.â Sept. 4. Acute liver failure. Shabtai Shavit, 84. The Israeli spymaster who was credited with advancing Israelâs historic peace treaty with Jordan during his term as director of the Mossad intelligence agency. Sept. 5. Ian Wilmut, 79. The cloning pioneer whose work was critical to the creation of Dolly the Sheep in 1996. Sept. 9. Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi, 95. The controversial South African politician and traditional minister of the Zulu ethnic group. Sept. 9. Roy Kidd, 91. He coached Eastern Kentucky to two NCAA Division I-AA football championships in a Hall of Fame career. Sept. 12. Eno Ichikawa, 83. He revived the spectacular in Japanese Kabuki theater to woo younger and global audiences. Sept. 13. Michael McGrath, 65. A Broadway character actor who shined in zany, feel-good musicals and won a Tony Award for âNice Work If You Can Get It.â Sept. 14. Fernando Botero, 91. A renowned Colombian painter and sculptor whose depictions of people and objects in plump, exaggerated forms became emblems of Colombian art around the world. Sept. 15. Giorgio Napolitano, 98. The first former Communist to rise to Italyâs presidency and the first person to be elected twice to the mostly ceremonial post. Sept. 22. Matteo Messina Denaro, 61. A convicted mastermind of some of the Sicilian Mafiaâs most heinous slayings, Italyâs No. 1 fugitive was captured after decades on the run. Sept. 25. Died in a prison hospital. David McCallum, 90. The actor who became a teen heartthrob in the hit series âThe Man From U.N.C.L.E.â in the 1960s and was the eccentric medical examiner in the popular âNCISâ 40 years later. Sept. 25. Dianne Feinstein, 90. A centrist Democrat from California and champion of liberal causes who was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1992 and broke gender barriers throughout her long career in local and national politics. Sept. 28. Michael Gambon, 82. The Irish-born actor knighted for his storied career on the stage and screen who gained admiration from a new generation of moviegoers with his portrayal of Hogwarts headmaster Albus Dumbledore in six of the eight âHarry Potterâ films. Sept. 28. Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, 98. A renowned agricultural scientist who revolutionized Indiaâs farming and was a key architect of the countryâs âGreen Revolution.â Sept. 28. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, 85. A prominent Egyptian-American academic and pro-democracy activist during the reign of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Sept. 29. OctoberTim Wakefield, 57. The knuckleballing workhorse of the Red Sox pitching staff who bounced back after giving up a season-ending home run to the Yankees in the 2003 playoffs to help Boston win its curse-busting World Series title the following year. Oct. 1. Dick Butkus, 80. A Hall of Fame middle linebacker for the Chicago Bears whose speed and ferocity set the standards for the position in the modern era. Oct. 5. Michael Chiarello, 61. A chef known for his Italian-inspired Californian restaurants who won an Emmy Award for best host for âEasy Entertaining With Michael Chiarelloâ and appeared on Bravoâs âTop Chefâ and âTop Chef Masters.â Oct. 6. Allergic reaction that resulted in anaphylactic shock. Burt Young, 83. The Oscar-nominated actor who played Paulie, the rough-hewn, mumbling-and-grumbling best friend, corner-man and brother-in-law to Sylvester Stallone in the âRockyâ franchise. Oct. 8. Hughes Van Ellis, 102. He was the youngest known survivor of the Tulsa Race Massacre and spent his latter years pursuing justice for his family and other descendants of the attack on âBlack Wall Street.â Oct. 9. Kevin Phillips, 82. The author, commentator and political strategist whose landmark book, âThe Emerging Republican Majority,â became a blueprint for GOP thinking in the 1970s and beyond. Oct. 9 Louise Meriwether, 100. The author and activist whose coming-of-age novel âDaddy Was a Number Runnerâ is widely regarded as a groundbreaking and vital portrait of race, gender and class. Oct. 10. Mark Goddard, 87. An actor best known for playing Major Don West in the 1960s television show âLost in Space.â Oct. 10. Rudolph Isley, 84. A founding member of the Isley Brothers who helped perform such raw rhythm and blues classics as âShoutâ and âTwist and Shoutâ and the funky hits âThat Ladyâ and âItâs Your Thing.â Oct. 11. Louise GlĂŒck, 80. The Nobel laureate was a poet of unblinking candor and perception who wove classical allusions, philosophical reveries, bittersweet memories and humorous asides into indelible portraits of a fallen and heartrending world. Oct. 13. READ MORE: How Louise GlĂŒckâs quietly devastating poetic voice speaks to us from beyond the grave Piper Laurie, 91. The strong-willed, Oscar-nominated actor who performed in acclaimed roles despite at one point abandoning acting altogether in search of a âmore meaningfulâ life. Oct. 14. Suzanne Somers, 76. The effervescent blonde actor who played Chrissy Snow on the television show âThreeâs Companyâ and later became an entrepreneur and New York Times best-selling author. Oct. 15. Martti Ahtisaari, 86. The former president of Finland and global peace broker who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008 for his work to resolve international conflicts. Oct. 16. Bobby Charlton, 86. An English soccer icon who survived a plane crash that decimated a Manchester United team destined for greatness to become the heartbeat of his countryâs 1966 World Cup triumph. Oct. 21. Bishan Bedi, 77. The India cricket great whose dazzling left-arm spin claimed 266 test wickets. Oct. 23. Richard Roundtree, 81. The trailblazing actor who starred as the ultra-smooth private detective in several âShaftâ films beginning in the early 1970s. Oct. 24. Richard Moll, 80. A character actor who found lasting fame as an eccentric but gentle giant bailiff on the original âNight Courtâ sitcom. Oct. 26. Li Keqiang, 68. The former premier was Chinaâs top economic official and an advocate for private business but was left with little authority after President Xi Jinping made himself the most powerful Chinese leader in decades. Oct. 27. Wu Zunyou, 60. An epidemiologist who helped drive the countryâs strict zero-COVID measures in China that suspended access to cities and confined millions to their homes. Oct. 27. Matthew Perry, 54. The Emmy-nominated âFriendsâ actor whose sarcastic, but lovable Chandler Bing was among televisionâs most famous and quotable characters. Oct. 28. Ken Mattingly, 87. An astronaut who is best remembered for his efforts on the ground that helped bring the damaged Apollo 13 spacecraft safely back to Earth. Oct. 31. NovemberBob Knight, 83. The brilliant and combustible coach who won three NCAA titles at Indiana and for years was the scowling face of college basketball. Nov. 1. WATCH: The controversial legacy of Hall of Fame college basketball coach Bob Knight Frank Borman, 95. The astronaut who commanded Apollo 8âs historic Christmas 1968 flight that circled the moon 10 times and paved the way for the lunar landing the next year. Nov. 7. Steve Norton, 89. He ran the first U.S. gambling facility outside Nevada â Resorts casino in Atlantic City â and gave advice around the world on how to set up and operate casinos. Nov. 12. Don Walsh, 92. The retired Navy captain was an explorer who in 1960 was part of a two-man crew that made the first voyage to the deepest part of the ocean â to the âsnuff-colored oozeâ at the bottom of the Pacificâs Mariana Trench. Nov. 12. Terry R. Taylor, 71. In two trailblazing decades as the first female sports editor of The Associated Press, she transformed the news agencyâs emphasis into multilayered coverage of rigorous reporting, entertaining enterprise and edgy analysis. Nov. 14. Daisaku Ikeda, 95. He headed Soka Gakkai, a Japanese Buddhist organization, that includes famed musician Herbie Hancock and other celebrities in its fold. Nov. 15. Bobby Ussery, 88. A Hall of Fame jockey who won the 1967 Kentucky Derby and then crossed the finish line first in the 1968 edition only to be disqualified days later. Nov. 16. George âFunkyâ Brown, 74. The co-founder and longtime drummer of Kool & The Gang who helped write such hits as âToo Hot,â âLadies Night,â âJoannaâ and the party favorite âCelebration.â Nov. 16. Rosalynn Carter, 96. The former first lady was the closest adviser to Jimmy Carter during his one term as U.S. president and their four decades thereafter as global humanitarians. Nov. 19. Marty Krofft, 86. A TV producer known for imaginative childrenâs shows such as âH.R. Pufnstufâ and primetime hits including âDonny & Marieâ in the 1970s. Nov. 25. Terry Venables, 80. A charismatic and tactically innovative English soccer coach who led his national team to the European Championship semifinals in 1996 after winning trophies at club level with Barcelona and Tottenham. Nov. 25. Tim Dorsey, 62. A former police and courts newspaper reporter who found lasting fame as the creator of the crime-comedy novel series starring Serge A. Storms, an energetic fan of Florida history and an ingenious serial killer. Nov. 26. Frances Sternhagen, 93. The veteran character actor who won two Tony Awards and became a familiar maternal face to TV viewers later in life in such shows as âCheers,â âER,â âSex and the Cityâ and âThe Closer.â Nov. 27. Charlie Munger, 99. He helped Warren Buffett build Berkshire Hathaway into an investment powerhouse. Nov. 28. Henry Kissinger, 100. The former secretary of state exerted uncommon influence on global affairs under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, earning both vilification and the Nobel Peace Prize. Nov. 29. WATCH: A look at the consequential and controversial legacy of Henry Kissinger Shane MacGowan, 65. The singer-songwriter and frontman of âCeltic Punkâ band The Pogues, best known for the Christmas ballad âFairytale of New York.â Nov. 30. DecemberSandra Day OâConnor, 93. The former U.S. Supreme Court justice was an unwavering voice of moderate conservatism and the first woman to serve on the nationâs highest court. Dec. 1. WATCH: Remembering Sandra Day OâConnor and her legacy on and off the Supreme Court Juanita Castro, 90. The sister of Cuban rulers Fidel and RaĂșl Castro, who worked with the CIA against her siblingsâ communist government. Dec. 4. Norman Lear, 101. The writer, director and producer who revolutionized prime-time television with âAll in the Family,â âThe Jeffersonsâ and âMaude,â propelling political and social turmoil into the once insulated world of TV sitcoms. Dec. 5. Benjamin Zephaniah, 65. A British poet, political activist and actor who drew huge inspiration from his Caribbean roots. Dec. 7. Ryan OâNeal, 82. The heartthrob actor who went from a TV soap opera to an Oscar-nominated role in âLove Storyâ and delivered a wry performance opposite his charismatic 9-year-old daughter Tatum in âPaper Moon.â Dec. 8. Andre Braugher, 61. The Emmy-winning actor who would master gritty drama for seven seasons on âHomicide: Life on The Streetâ and modern comedy for eight on âBrooklyn 99.â Dec. 11. Zahara, 36. She rose from an impoverished rural background to find rapid fame with multi-platinum selling albums and delivered her unique version of wistful Afro-soul in her countryâs isiXhosa language and in English. Dec. 11. George McGinnis, 73. A Hall of Fame forward who was a two-time ABA champion and three-time All-Star in the NBA and ABA. Dec. 14. Sheikh Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Sabah, 86. As Kuwaitâs ruling emir, he spent a three-year, low-key reign focused on trying to resolve the tiny, oil-rich nationâs internal political disputes. Dec. 16. Mike Nussbaum, 99. Reputed as the oldest professional actor in America with a prolific stage career and roles in films including âField of Dreamsâ and âMen in Black.â Dec. 23. Kamar de los Reyes, 56. A television, movie and voice actor best known for playing a gang member-turned-cop in the soap âOne Life to Liveâ and a villain in the video game âCall of Duty: Black Ops II.â Dec. 24. Tom Smothers, 86. He was half of the Smothers Brothers and the co-host of one of the most socially conscious and groundbreaking television shows in the history of the medium. Dec. 26. Wolfgang Schaeuble, 81. He helped negotiate German reunification in 1990 and as finance minister was a central figure in the austerity-heavy effort to drag Europe out of its debt crisis two decades later. Dec. 26. Jacques Delors, 98. A Paris bank messengerâs son who became the visionary and builder of a more unified Europe in his momentous decade as chief executive of the European Union. Dec. 27. Herb Kohl, 88. A former Democratic U.S. senator from Wisconsin and former owner of the NBAâs Milwaukee Bucks. Dec. 27. Lee Sun-kyun, 48. A popular South Korean actor best known for his role in the Oscar-winning movie âParasite.â Dec. 27. Mbongeni Ngema, 68. A renowned South African playwright, producer and composer who was the creator of the Broadway hit âSarafina!â that was adapted into a musical drama starring Whoopi Goldberg. Dec. 27. Gaston Glock, 94. The Austrian developer of the handgun that bears his name. Dec. 27. Tom Wilkinson, 75. The Oscar-nominated British actor known for his roles in âThe Full Monty,â âMichael Claytonâ and âThe Best Exotic Marigold Hotel.â Dec. 28. Shecky Greene, 97. Gifted comic and master improviser who was revered by his peers and live audiences as one of the greatest standup acts of his generation. Dec. 31. This month, the famous investment firm Berkshire Hathaway acquired about 28% of the stock of Occidental Petroleum. Occidental is considered a leader in the effort to bring fossil fuel companies to a net-zero emissions. The move reflects Omaha-Nebraska-based Berkshire Hathawayâs investment style, established under the leadership of Warren Buffett and his longtime partner, Charlie Munger, who died this year at the age of 99. It seemed an interesting moment to reflect on what lessons could be learned from Buffettâs leadership, especially as many business leaders are struggling with what role to play in what will surely be one of the largest (and potentially profitable) economic transformations in history, the movement away from fossil fuels. Berkshire Hathaway is one of the most successful investment companies in history. Importantly for any effort to draw general lessons from what it does, the holding company has created that track record even as the economy changed significantly around it. News and World Report writers John Divine and Wayne Duggan wrote recently that its stock had appreciated at a 19.8% compound annual growth rate, compared with a 9.9% annualized return for the S&P 500, between 1965 and 2022. I asked Lawrence A. Cunningham to send me a copy of the latest edition of The Essays of Warren Buffett. Cunningham compiles and weaves together the essays, which were issued initially as letters to Berkshire Hathawayâs shareholders, and works with Buffett to incorporate them into a volume. After I read the book, I talked with Cunningham about what lessons could be learned. Donât Try To Invest Like BuffettAs an aside, these are leadership lessons for entrepreneurs rather than personal investment lessons, though some could be applied to both arenas. People often look to the founders of successful investment companies for personal investing advice. They miss the fact that professional investing is an entirely different occupation than the part-time pursuit of building your personal financial security. Indeed, Buffett, when he gives personal financial advice, suggests amateur investors (pretty much everyone) eschew expensive professional advisors and instead buy index funds. And Buffettâs investment style treads toward management, because of the large sizes of the stakes Berkshire Hathaway takes in companies. The leadership lessons I gleaned from The Essays were mainly about how Buffett operationalizes a long-term approach, and how U.S. businesses should enter into societal compacts our country. Operationalizing Long-Term ThinkingThe exact acquisition of almost a third of Occidental is typical in some ways of Berkshire Hathawayâs approach. Itâs a bet on a bold-thinking executive team in an economic segment â energy â that is almost guaranteed to grow over the long-term. Itâs easy to say youâre a long-term investor or a long-term thinker, but much harder to be one. Berkshire Hathawayâs most important investments (in some cases acquisitions) were in the insurance business. That gave it enough capital to make other investments. âBecause so much of the investment was in the insurance business, the culture began as a long-term, horizontal organization,â Cunningham told me. â(Buffett) is one of the people, rare among the human race, to look beyond the short-term.â There are lots of interesting examples of how Buffett operationalizes long-term thinking. Buffett writes that the holding company never has a quarterly ânumberâ or profit goal to hit. It pays the CEOs of the companies in which it has a stake based on the results over time frames longer than a quarter. It also has a track record of purchasing struggling companies, like Fruit of the Loom, helping them turn around, and then holding on to them while they pay dividends. This is an especially interesting style at our current moment, as some people question whether the American system of capitalism can successfully adapt to complicated long-term challenges like climate change. If youâre focused on short-term profits and gains in asset prices, you might not have the wherewithal to spend money on technologies that bear fruit years or decades from now (like carbon capture). In the latest edition of his Essays, Buffett dodges the political controversy that walloped Larry Fink (and others) on climate. Business leaders who advocate for investments in climate change technology that will pay off in the long-term have been (strangely) accused of being something other than capitalists â âwoke,â for instance, or socialist. Buffett overtly objects to âstakeholderâ capitalism, of the kind embraced by the Business Roundtable. But to some extent this seems like semantics (like politics so often is). Recognize the Value of the System and Have Faith in ItIn the real, not political, world. Itâs clear that being concerned about long-term profits de facto means caring about things other than this quarterâs bottom line. Take, for instance, what Buffett writes about BSNF, a large railroad company Berkshire Hathaway owns. âMore than 11% of all inter-city ton-miles of freight in the U.S. is transported by BNSF,â he writes in a section titled âSocial Compact.â âAll this adds up to a huge responsibility ⊠we must anticipate societyâs needs, not just react to them.â Buffett also writes about the importance of social safety nets and notes the inevitability of government redistribution of some of Americaâs wealth. The important thing is to keep American productivity growing overall via a system of entrepreneurship and smart long-term investment. âThe price of achieving ever-increasing productivity for the great majority of Americans should not be penury for the unfortunate,â he writes. The Business âBoatâ vs How Youâre RowingOur business press at the moment is filled with advice about how to develop skills and be the best at your job. (We also live in a generally narcissistic age). But Buffett, like other smart executives I have known, emphasize that the environment you put yourself into matters most. âEventually, eroding fundamentals overwhelm managerial brilliance.â The best executives in a shrinking business might not yield as much as a great team in a growing industry. This truism applies to Berkshire Hathaway itself: Buffett and Munger started investing in the second half of the 20th century, when the American economy was dominant. His gratitude for the system is laudable â and understandable. Remember How Quickly the World ChangesWhen you are tempted to think you know whatâs coming in the short-term, stop. Buffett is comfortable making long-term predictions about the continued growth of the American economy, but not the short-term prospects of any given company. âWe will continue to ignore political and economic forecasts, which are expensive distraction for many investors and businessmen. Thirty years ago, no one could have foreseen the huge expansion of the Vietnam War, wage and price controls, two oil shocks ⊠or treasury bill yields fluctuating between 2.8% and 17.4%,â Buffett writes. PerspectiveCunningham is a corporate governance expert who came up with the idea to compile publish Buffettâs annual letters in 1995. Heâs also identified 30 companies that follow the Berkshire Hathaway model, publishing a book called Margin of Trust about them. When I pointed out that Buffett to some extent enacts stakeholder capitalism by embracing the long-term over the short-term, he responded, âItâs mostly distracting noise, and food fights and actually not good for people and the country. ⊠â(Buffett) has some very practical observations in order to achieve economic prosperity.â Cunningham says Buffettâs rarest gift is the ability to be long-term. Part of that ability is disposition, part of it is his ability to surround himself with people who are also geared to the long-term, and part of it is training. Buffettâs mentor was Benjamin Graham, who lived through the Great Depression. Hard times are apt to teach people not to dwell on the present. That may be why Buffettâs approach is enjoying even more attention now: The generations that emerged from the pandemic now are facing climate change â which Buffett himself acknowledges as a great danger to the world. These hard times are giving rise to new questions about what defines success: your short-term gains or the value you create over the long-term? For the last year, celebrations of hip-hopâs first five decades have attempted to capture the genre in full, but some early stars and scenes all but disappeared long before anyone came looking to fete them. Three excellent books published in exact months take up the task of cataloging hip-hopâs relics, the objects that embody its history, before they slip away. In the lovingly assembled, thoughtfully arranged âDo Remember! The Golden Era of NYC Hip-Hop Mixtapes,â Evan Auerbach and Daniel Isenberg wisely taxonomize the medium into distinct micro-eras, tracking innovations in form and also content â beginning with live recordings of party performances and D.J. sets and ending with artists using the format to self-distribute and self-promote. For over a decade, cassettes were the coin of the realm in mixtapes, even after CDs usurped them in popularity: They were mobile, durable and easily duplicated. (More than one D.J. rhapsodizes over the Telex cassette duplicator.) Each new influential D.J. found a way to push the medium forward â Brucie B talks about personalizing tapes for drug dealers in Harlem; Doo Wop recalls gathering a boatload of exclusive freestyles for his â95 Liveâ and in one memorable section; Harlemâs DJ S&S details how he secured some of his most coveted unreleased songs, sometimes angering the artists in the process. The book covers some D.J.s who were known for their mixing, like Ron G, and some who were known for breaking new music, like DJ Clue. Some, like Stretch Armstrong & Bobbito, whose late-night radio shows were widely bootlegged before they began distributing copies themselves, managed both. Mixtapes were big business â one striking two-page photo documents a handwritten inventory list from Rock ânâ Willâs, a storied shop in Harlem, which showed the breadth of stock on display. Tape Kingz formalized and helped export mixtapes globally, and more than one D.J. remarks about being shocked to see their tapes available for sale when they traveled to Japan. Mixtapes were the site of early innovations that ended up crucial to the industry as a whole, whether it was proving the effectiveness of street-corner promotion or, via blend tapes in the late â80s and early â90s, setting the table for hip-hopâs cross-pollination with R&B. Eventually, the format was co-opted as a vehicle for record labels like Bad Boy and Roc-a-Fella to introduce new music, or artists like 50 Cent and the Diplomats to release songs outside of label obligations. (The book effectively ends before the migration of mixtapes to the internet, and doesnât include the contributions of the South.) Even now, the legacy of mixtapes endures, the phrase a kind of shorthand for something immediate, unregulated and possibly ephemeral. But âDo Remember!â makes clear they belong to posterity, too. That same pathway from informal to formal, from casual art to big business, was traveled by hip-hopâs promotional merchandise, particularly the T-shirt. That story is told over and again in âRap Tees Volume 2: A Collection of Hip-Hop T-shirts & More 1980-2005,â by the well-known collector DJ Ross One. Itâs a pocket history of hip-hop conveyed through the ways people wanted to wear their dedication to it, and the ways artists wanted to be seen. By the mid-1980s, logos were stylized and stylish. Public Enemy, especially, had a robust understanding of how merchandise could further the groupâs notoriety, captured here in a wide range of shirts and jackets. In the 1980s, hip-hop hadnât fully cleaved into thematic wings â tours often featured unexpected bedfellows. One tour shirt for the jovial Doug E. Fresh shows his openers included the angsty agit-rap outfit Boogie Down Productions and the ice-cold stoics Eric B. & Rakim. Many of the shirts in the book were made by record labels for promotion, but thereâs a robust bootleg section as well â see the hand-painted denim trench coat featuring Salt-N-Pepa â reflecting the untapped demand that remained long before hip-hop fashion was considered unassailable business. This collection showcases some of hip-hopâs indelible logos: Nervous Records, the Diplomats, Loud Records, Outkast; shirts for radio stations and long-defunct magazines; impressive sections on Houston rap and Miami bass music; as well as promotional ephemera like Master P boxer shorts, a tchotchke toilet for Biz Markie and an unreleased Beastie Boys skateboard. That âVolume 2â is as thick as its essential 2015 predecessor is a testament to how much likely remains undiscovered, particularly from eras when archiving wasnât a priority. Some of the earliest hip-hop T-shirts in âRap Teesâ feature flocked lettering that is familiar from the backs of Hellâs Angels and B-boy crews. The aesthetic is the subject of âHeated Words: Searching for a Mysterious Typefaceâ by Rory McCartney and Charlie Morgan, a heroic work of sociology, archival research and history that traces the development of the style, from its historical antecedents to the genuine locations in New York where young people would get their T-shirts customized to contemporary streetwearâs re-embrace of the form. This typeface that, the authors discover, has no agreed-upon name (and also no fully agreed-upon back story) conveys âinstant heritage,â the typographer Jonathan Hoefler tells them. The lettering derives from black letter, or Gothic typefaces, but the versions that adorned clothes throughout the â60s, â70s and â80s were often more idiosyncratic and, at times, made by hand. The lettering style thrived thanks to the ease of heat-transfer technology, which allowed the D.I.Y.-inclined to embellish their own garments at will. It was embraced by car clubs and biker gangs (and, to a lesser extent, some early sports teams). Gangs were teams, too, of a sort, as were breakdancing crews. Shirts with these letters became de facto uniforms. McCartney and Morgan spend a lot of time detailing how the letters themselves came to be and track down the places where they were turned into fashion â spotlighting one store in the Bronx where many gangs would buy their letters, or the Orchard Street shop on the Lower East Side that provided letters for the Clash as well as shirts for Malcolm McLarenâs âDouble Dutchâ video and the cover of a local newspaper, East Village Eye. âHeated Wordsâ is relatively light on text: It draws its connections through imagery, both professional and amateur. The book is an impressive compendium of primary sources, many of which have not been seen before, or which have been public, but not viewed through this particular historical lens. Itâs a good reminder, along with âDo Remember!â and âRap Tees,â that some elusive histories arenât buried so much as they crumble into barely recognizable pieces. Devoted researchers like these can follow breadcrumb trails and piece together something like the full story, but some details remain forever out of reach, evaporated into yesteryear. At the Crab Museum in the seaside town of Margate, England, Tereza Hynkova, 24, stopped in front of a display case, and started to giggle. Inside was a diorama featuring models of nine crustaceans, including a coconut crab, usually found on tropical islands; a decorator crab, which covers its body with algae for camouflage; and the knobbly horrid elbow crab. The models were anatomically accurate, but the realism ended there. One of the crabs held a pint of beer between its claws. Another clutched a cricket bat. A third was dressed as a suffragist with a âVotes for Womenâ sash draped across its shell. A sign above the diorama explained: The species live in different parts of the world so âit would be misleading to depict them in a realistic natural setting.â Instead, the museumâs staff had put the models into a diorama resembling a 1920s English town. At a time when museums around the world are grappling with how to attract new audiences, with visitor numbers still flagging since the coronavirus pandemic began, the two-year-old Crab Museumâs use of silly humor in its exhibits and wall texts is proving to be a success. It now attracts around 80,000 visitors a year and recently won an award for its social media presence, which it uses to sell jokey merchandise including T-shirts and tote bags. Much of the humor is childish, and aimed at young visitors. A section on mating habits, for instance, features a photo of crabs midcoitus, emblazoned with the word âcensored.â Other elements are more involved. To illustrate how the animals âmoltâ â a process in which a crab pulls its body out of its shell so that it can then grow a larger exoskeleton â the museum has a bizarre video of Ned Suesat-Williams, one of its founders, struggling to crawl out of a suit of armor backward, without using his hands. The museumâs text and graphic-led exhibits try to teach visitors about crab anatomy, mating habits and the importance of decapods to marine ecosystems, but also use crabs as ways into discussing bigger issues, including environmental threats and the inequities of capitalism and colonialism. The more serious displays include postage stamps from former British colonies that featured depictions of crabs, displayed next to wall text discussing imperialism, and a cupboard labeled âTruth Inside! Do Not Open!â that contains text asserting that capitalism has warmed the planet and is threatening ecosystems. Ned Suesat-Williams, one of the museumâs founders, said in an interview that making a museum funny was a ârisky businessâ â visitors might not get the jokes, after all â but that âeveryone learns better when theyâre laughing.â Humor provides âa breathing space, where you can talk about difficult syllabus like climate change without making visitors think the worldâs about to end,â he said. Staff at some of Britainâs more renowned scientific institutions are paying attention to the Crab Museumâs approach. Chris Stringer, of the Natural History Museum in London, said in an email that the museumâs silly approach leads to learning âby stealth.â It âteaches more in a small space and short time than many others with far larger budgets,â he added. Laura Pye, the director of National Museums Liverpool â a body that includes major art and history institutions â said the museum was one of the funniest sheâd seen âin a long timeâ and a good example of how to make âfairly heavy scientific material accessible.â In 2019, Ned Suesat-Williams, 30, and his brother Bertie, 33 â who both have a background working for childrenâs magazines â plus their friend Chase Coley, 32, decided to create a museum that could discuss political issues that they were concerned about, while still engaging young people. They eventually settled on crabs as the museumâs focus because of Margateâs seaside location. Plus, Bertie Suesat-Williams said, crabs were âfunny and weirdâ The founders â who had no previous professional museum, or crab, experience â devoured books and documentaries on decapods, then developed the museumâs exhibits based on what they found most interesting. Coley said that they saw themselves as the âbad boysâ of Britainâs museum world museum because they did not have a vast collection of objects, seriously displayed. Yet the museum recently secured its first loan item â a 150 million-year-old fossil of a shrimp â and the founders are now taking courses, including in preservation, partly so they can apply for government funding. âCosplaying as a museum seems to mean weâve become one,â Coley said. On a exact Sunday, not every visitor was charmed by the Crab Museumâs irreverent approach. Mia Gregory, 29, said that she didnât find the crab diorama amusing because it contained a crustacean dressed as a police officer brandishing a baton in its claws. This aggressive portrayal of the police felt âa little bit politicalâ for a museum about crabs, Gregory said. (She later added that she was a police officer.) Other visitors seemed delighted by the bright and silly displays and graphics. Jono Twohey, 43, said that he had recently taken his two sons to the vast Science Museum in London, but that hadnât âcaptivatedâ them for as long as the Crab Museum. As Twohey discussed the exhibits, one of his children â Finn, aged 9 â shouted for his fatherâs attention. âDaddy, look at this!â Finn said: âItâs a crabâs eye! Itâs disgusting!â Erin McManaway holds a B.A. in professional writing from Francis Marion University, where she earned the Richard B. Larsen Memorial Award for Business and Technical Writing. She has worked in materials development, media and information technology in the nonprofit sector since 2006. McManaway has also been a writer and editor since 2008. | ||||||||
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