Exam Information
www.lsac.org
(215) 968-1001
CLU College Code: 4088
Exam Preparation
About the LSAT
The Law School Administration Test (LSAT) is administered four times a year at designated centers worldwide. The LSAT is a 3½ hour standardized test designed to measure some of the thinking skills considered essential for success in law school. It is required for admission to all 194 law schools that comprise the membership of the Law School Admission Council (LSAC). LSAC develops and administers the LSAT with the assistance of the American College Testing (ACT).
Scoring Range
LSAT scores range from 120 to 180.
Many law schools will weigh your LSAT score more than your GPA. Some schools weigh your LSAT score 70% versus 30% for your GPA, meaning that this 3 1/2 hour test is worth more than 4 years undergraduate work! Research the law schools you are applying to for this information because the value of the LSAT varies tremendously from school to school.
National Averages
- 50th Percentile: 151
- 75th Percentile: 157
- 90th Percentile: 164
- 95th Percentile: 167
- 99th Percentile: 172–190
Test Structure
The LSAT consists of five 35-minute sections of multiple choice questions and one 30-minute writing sample. Only four of the five sections are scored. The fifth section is experimental where new items are tested. The writing trial is not scored but copies of the trial are sent to all law schools to which a candidate applies.
In keeping with its predictability, every LSAT consists of the same basic elements. There are six of these basic elements to every LSAT- sections, directions, statements, questions, answers, and time.
While they are commonly referred to as test sections, these elements, are in fact, separate tests. It is important to understand that each LSAT consists of five of these tests, as well as a writing sample. Although there is only one LSAT score, there are five different tests on every LSAT.
Test Sections
Each section comes with directions. The directions tell you what you are expected to do on that section. Directions are important.
A statement precedes most question and answer-choice sets. The statement provides certain information, some of which is relevant to the questions and answer choices that follow the statement. It is easy to confuse statements and questions.
Reading Comprehension
You will get a set of 5-8 questions and a passage that is 400-500 words long. You will get four passages per section. The questions will be similar to the SAT practicing Comprehension questions, but more difficult. The passages are not arranged in any order of difficulty.
Logical Reasoning (Arguments)
Logical Reasoning questions constitute about half of the total LSAT questions. You will encounter at least two Logical Reasoning sections (three if the experimental is Logical Reasoning). Logical Reasoning questions test your ability to take apart an argument (a skill useful to lawyers).
Analytical Reasoning (Logic Games)
These questions are designed to measure your ability to understand a system of relationships and to draw appropriate deductive conclusions about those relationships. You have to draw complex diagrams that lay out the parts of the question in a spatial relationship. The Analytical Reasoning (Games) section has about 24 questions broken into four "games" that are each five to eight questions long.
Experimental
This section is not scored. It is used to test questions for use on future editions of the LSAT. It consists of the same types of questions as are included in one of the scored sections.
Writing Sample
The writing trial is provided to law schools along with your test score, but is not scored.
Scoring Breakdown
- 4 of the 5 multiple-choice sections count toward your final LSAT score
- 1 of the 5 sections is experimental, used only to test questions for future exams
- Correct responses count equally, and no points are deducted for incorrect or blank responses
- The essay is not scored, and is rarely used by admissions officers to evaluate your candidacy
- Most top schools AVERAGE multiple LSAT Scores
Websites
In a Windows operating system, an Administrator account is an account that allows a user to make changes that require administrative permissions. An Administrator has more rights on a Windows OS as compared to the users with a local account. For example, the users with a local or standard account can access files and folders on their own user space, make system changes that do not require administrative permissions, install and uninstall programs, etc. On the other hand, an Administrator can change security settings, install and uninstall software, add and remove users, make changes to other user accounts, etc. In short, to perform the tasks that require administrative permissions, you should be logged in as an Administrator. In this tutorial, we will see how to log in as an Administrator in Windows 11/10.
Every Windows computer has a Local Administrator account that is created at the time of Windows installation. As described above, the Administrator has full access to the Windows device as compared to other standard users. The Administrator can also create new and delete the existing users and change the user account permissions. You can log in as an Administrator in Windows 11/10 by:
- Using the existing Administrator Account
- Enabling the built-in Administrator account
- Creating a new Local Administrator account
- Changing the local or standard into an Administrator account
Let’s see all these methods in detail.
1] Using the existing Administrator Account
If you are starting your PC then locate the Administrator account and use the password to login.
If you are currently not logged in as an administrator and want to change to an admin, open Start, click on the user icon, select Sign out and then log into the Admin account by using its password.
2] Enabling the built-in Administrator account
The Windows OS has a built-in Administrator account. In Windows 11/10 and Windows Server 2016, the built-in Administrator account is disabled at the time of Windows installation and another local account is created which is the member of the Administrators group.
The built-in Administrator account is also called the Super Administrator account. If we compare the built-in Administrator account with the Local Administrator account, the built-in Administrator account has elevated privileges. This means when you perform the administrative tasks, you will not get the UAC prompt. Apart from that, if you want to do some serious troubleshooting on your Windows machine or if you want to recover your main account or another user account, you can use the built-in Administrator account.
Because the built-in Administrator account does not show the UAC prompt, any application can have full control over your system. Therefore, running this account on a regular basis can be risky. You should enable the built-in Administrator account only if you have to do some troubleshooting or recover other user accounts. After performing your task, you should disable it.
As explained above, every Windows OS has a Local Administrator account which is created at the time of Windows installation. Hence, you have to sign in to that Local Administrator account in order to enable the built-in Administrator account. After enabling the built-in Administrator account, you can login as an Administrator in Windows 11/10.
3] Creating a new Local Administrator account
Every Windows 11/10 computer has a default Local Administrator account which is created at the time of Windows installation. Using that account, you can create another Local Administrator account for another user. To do so, open the Accounts page in your Windows 11/10 Settings and then click on the Family & other users option. Now, you have two options:
- You can create a Local Administrator account for your family member.
- You can create a Local Administrator account for a person who is not your family member.
Let’s see how to create a Local Administrator account for a family member and other users.
Create a Local Administrator account for your family member
You can use this option if you have another Microsoft account and you want to add that account as an Administrator to your Windows computer.
- On the Family & other users page in Windows 11/10 Settings, click on the Add account button next to the Add a family member option.
- Enter the email address of the family member and click Next.
- Select the role (organizer or member) and click Invite. After that, an invite will be sent to the email address.
- Open the email address and accept the invitation. After accepting the invitation, that account will be added automatically to your Windows device.
- Now, open the Family & other users page in WIndows 11/10 Accounts settings and select the newly added account.
- Click Change account type and select Administrator in the drop-down and click OK.
Now, you can login as an Administrator in Windows 11/10 using that account.
Create a Local Administrator account for a person who is not your family member
If you do not have another Microsoft account, you can still create a Local Administrator account. This time, you have to add an account in the Other users section on the Family & other users page. The steps are as follows:
- Open the Family & other users page in Windows 11/10 Accounts settings.
- Click on the Add account button next to Add other user.
- You will be prompted to enter your email address. Click on the I don’t have this person’s sign-in information link.
- Now, click Add a user without a Microsoft account.
- Enter your username and password. After that, select the security questions and type your answers.
- Click Next.
- Now, select the newly created account and click Change account type.
- Select Administrator in the drop-down and click OK.
Now, you can use this account to login as an Administrator in Windows 11/10.
Read: How to rename built-in Administrator Account in Windows.
4] Changing the local or standard account into an Administrator account
If you already have created a local account on your Windows machine, you can change its type and use that account to login as an Administrator. The steps to change the local account to an Administrator account are as follows:
- Open the Family & other users page in Windows 11/10 Accounts settings.
- Select the local user account under the Other users section.
- Click on the Change account type button and select Administrator in the drop-down.
- Now, click OK.
How do I log onto my computer as an Administrator?
At the time of Windows installation, a Local Administrator account is created automatically. You can use that account to log onto your computer as an Administrator. Apart from that, you can also enable the hidden or built-in Administrator account or create an additional Local Administrator account.
We have explained all these methods above in this article.
How do I run Windows as an Administrator?
To run Windows as an Administrator, you should have an Administrator account. There are different methods by which you can create an Administrator account. In addition to this, you can also enable the built-in Administrator account. But it is not recommended to use the built-in Administrator account on a regular basis due to security issues.
This is all about how to log in as an Administrator in Windows 11/10.
Read next: How to fix the disabled Administrator account on Windows 11/10.
Are you obsessed with perfection? Do you constantly let yourself down, no matter how well you do? Do you expect too much from those around you? Even though we live in an imperfect world there are still many who are obsessed with making their lives absolutely perfect. However, if we leave no room for error, then no matter what challenge we take on, the end result will almost always be disappointment. The goal of this perfectionism test is to determine whether you have perfectionistic tendencies, to what degree, and in which areas of your life.
Examine the following statements and indicate which option best describes or applies to you. In order to obtain the most benefit from this test, please answer as honestly as possible.
After finishing this test you will receive a FREE snapshot report with a summary evaluation and graph. You will then have the option to purchase the full results for $6.95
This test is intended for informational and entertainment purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional diagnosis or for the treatment of any health condition. If you would like to seek the advice of a licensed mental health professional you can search Psychology Today's directory here.
It is the responsibility of faculty to make their tests accessible. That said, there are many times when faculty are unable to provide a necessary test accommodation. In these cases, students may schedule exams with Disability Resources through our Test Accessibility Services (TAS). These are the steps students should take if they wish to use their test accommodations. Please note that Disability Resources only administers exams for students who have affiliated with our office.
- Talk to your instructor. After you release your access plan to your instructor, be sure to follow it up with an email or face-to-face conversation about the best place for you to take your exams. Please note that tests at TAS must begin no earlier than 8 a.m. and must finish by 4 p.m. Exams scheduled in late afternoon and evening classes outside of these times may be taken at TAS during regular business hours.
- If your exam or quiz is online and unproctored, remind your instructor of your accommodations. They will extend your time in the online test platform. You can use your own computer to take the exam in a quiet location.
- If you are taking exams with your instructor, you’re done! Congratulations! Remember that Disability Resources is available for test accommodations for you in the future if your instructor’s accommodations are not working out. In such cases, it is important to have a conversation with your instructor about this first.
- If you and your instructor decide you should take your exams with Disability Resources, it is the student’s responsibility to schedule the exam in our Test Accessibility Scheduling Service (TASS). You may watch video tutorials of a summary of the system, how to submit a request to take an exam with TAS, and how to view all of your requests.
- Students should request to take exams at the same time as the rest of the class. Exceptions are allowed if extended time would involve the exam taking place outside of business hours or would require missing another class.
- If you wish to be certain you can take your exam with Disability Resources, schedule the exam at least 5 business days in advance. If you request to take an exam with fewer days’ notice, it is possible we may be unavailable. Once it is 24 hours before your exam time (or 72 hours before a Monday exam), you may not use the online scheduling system.
- You may schedule all of your exams at the beginning of the semester to ensure you have given enough notice. If an exam date or time is later changed, please cancel the request in the system and make a new request.
- To finalize your request, your instructor must approve it in the system. If you have not made your request at least 5 business days in advance, Disability Resources will have to approve it as well. You will receive email notifications when your requests have been approved. If your exam date is nearing and you still have not received approval, please contact your instructor and/or TAS.
- Finally, be sure to show up at TAS for your exam on time!
Contact: tas@cortland.edu
Jeremy Zhe-Heimerman, Assistant Director, Disability Resources
Fahima Aqtar, Graduate Assistant, Disability Resources
Meaghan Doyle, Graduate Assistant, Disability Resources
Cierra Stone, Graduate Assistant, Disability Resources
Memorial Library, B-121A
Is your glass half-full or half-empty? On those days when nothing in your life seems to be going right, it can be really tough to see the silver lining among all those clouds. However, it's during these times when the ability to see the good in even the worst situations is so important. An optimistic attitude benefits not only your mental health, but your physical well-being as well. Take this test to see where you fall on the optimism/pessimism continuum.
This test is made up of two types of questions: scenarios and self-assessment. For each scenario, answer according to how you would most likely behave in a similar situation. For the self-assessment questions, indicate the extent to which you agree with the given statements. In order to receive the most accurate results, please answer each question as honestly as possible.
After finishing this test you will receive a FREE snapshot report with a summary evaluation and graph. You will then have the option to purchase the full results for $4.95
This test is intended for informational and entertainment purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional diagnosis or for the treatment of any health condition. If you would like to seek the advice of a licensed mental health professional you can search Psychology Today's directory here.
Since 1969, we've been selecting the right applicants for Bowdoin, using only the materials that we require of you: your transcripts, your writing, and how your teachers talk about you.
This policy allows applicants to decide for themselves whether or not their SAT or ACT results accurately reflect their academic ability and potential. For candidates electing to submit them, test scores will be reviewed along with other indicators of academic ability.
Forty-six percent of students in the Class of 2026 chose not to submit their scores.
Score Suppression
Applicants indicate on their applications whether they would like Bowdoin to review their standardized test results. Applicants also have the option to select some test types and not others for review (for example, a student might choose to use their SAT scores, but not their ACT). Applicants have until the application deadline to suppress their scores.
- For applicants using the Common Application, these questions are located in the Bowdoin-specific questions section of the application.
- For applicants using the Coalition on Scoir application, these questions are located in the Application Questions section.
- For applicants using the QuestBridge Application, these questions are located on a Bowdoin-specific form available in the applicant portal after submitting the application.
Bowdoin will not review selected sections of an SAT or an ACT score (for example, just the Science portion of the ACT). If an applicant chooses to include scores for a specific test type, Bowdoin will review the complete score for that test type.
Superscoring
Bowdoin will "superscore" the SAT. Meaning, the admissions committee will consider the highest Critical Reading, Math, and Writing Scores submitted by an applicant, irrespective of test date.
Bowdoin will NOT combine results from Redesigned and pre-Redesign SAT exams to create a new total score. We will superscore Redesigned and pre-Redesign results separately, considering the highest section and total scores submitted from either set of results.
Bowdoin also superscores the ACT. The admissions committee will consider the highest submitted Composite score and subsection scores, and will also recalculate a new Composite score from subsection scores earned on different test dates.
Score Reports
For students submitting standardized test scores, we will accept scores that are self-reported on the student’s application, reported by the testing agency, or submitted through the self-report form found in the Bowdoin Application Portal. We accept self-reported scores for all applicants.
Bowdoin will verify scores for all enrolling students. Discrepancies between self-reported and official scores may jeopardize a student’s place at Bowdoin.
Official Score Reports
We will accept scores reported on a school transcript or sent to our office by a school counselor or CBO advisor as official. Official score reports may be sent to our office by email, fax, mail, or directly from the testing agency. Our testing codes are: 3089 (College Board) and 1636 (ACT).
Is standardized testing required for certain applicants?
No. Bowdoin College is test-optional for all applicants. Homeschooled candidates can find further information on additional requirements and recommendations on the Homeschooled Students page.
International applicants can find more information about required English proficiency testing on the International Applicant page.
Here’s the routine when you get a cut: apply some pressure, the bleeding stops, slap on a bandage if you need one. Seems easy enough from the outside. But inside your body, even a little nick from shaving kicks off a series of complex steps to stop the bleeding.
One of those steps is to send a bunch of proteins -- called clotting factors -- to the injured area. They fit together in a very specific way to make a blood clot, which is basically a solid lump of blood that stops up the bleeding and helps healing begin.
That’s how it’s supposed to work. When it doesn’t, you may find that you bleed or bruise easily or that you get clots in your blood vessels when you shouldn’t.
That’s when your doctor might order a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, which measures how many seconds it takes for your blood to clot.
What Does a PTT Test Look For?
Your body makes several different clotting factors. A problem with any of them -- if it’s missing, broken, or you don’t have enough -- can affect how long it takes a clot to form, if it forms at all.
A PTT test looks at one set of these factors to see how well they’re working. It’s often done along with another test, called the prothrombin time (PT) test, which looks at another set of clotting factors.
Together, they provide your doctor a more complete picture of what happens in your body when a clot forms.
Why Would I Need One?
Your doctor might order this test to check for a bleeding disorder, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease. Symptoms of bleeding disorders include:
- Bleeding or bruising easily
- Blood clots that form when they shouldn’t
- Blood in your poop or urine
- Gums that bleed easily
- Heavy menstrual periods in women
- Nosebleeds
- Swelling or pain in your joints
You’d also need this test if you get heparin therapy -- that’s a medicine used to prevent or treat blood clots after you’ve had an issue like a heart attack or stroke. The PTT test helps make sure you get the right dose. You want to prevent dangerous clots, but still let your blood clot when you need it to.
You may also get the test to:
- Check that your blood clots normally before you go in for surgery
- Look for a problem with your immune system (some immune system conditions make clots more likely to form -- in women, that can also lead to miscarriages)
- See how well your liver’s working, since it makes the clotting factors
Continued
How Do I Prepare for It?
There’s nothing special you need to do to get ready.
Let your doctor know about any medicines, herbs, vitamins, or supplements you take, including over-the-counter, prescription, or illegal drugs. Many common meds, such as blood thinners, aspirin, and antihistamines, might affect your results.
What Happens During the Test?
This test is a basic blood draw and takes just a few minutes. A lab tech will:
- Clean your skin where the needle goes in
- Wrap a rubber strap around your upper arm -- this creates pressure to make your veins swell with blood
- Insert a thin needle into a vein, usually on the inside of your arm at your elbow or in the back of your hand
- Draw the blood
- Remove the rubber strap and put a bandage on your arm or hand
Are There Any Risks?
Typically, you’ll feel a prick when the needle goes in. That’s usually the worst of it, but since you’re having your blood drawn, there is a small chance of things such as:
- Bleeding or bruising
- Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
- Infection
What Do the Results Mean?
The test tells you how many seconds it took your blood to form a clot. What’s normal varies with different labs, so check with your doctor to help you understand what your numbers mean.
Usually, you get the results within a few hours or a day, but it depends on your lab.
A typical value for a PTT is 60 to 70 seconds. There’s also an activated PTT (aPTT) test that measures the same thing, but they add a substance to your blood to make it clot faster. A typical aPTT value is 30 to 40 seconds.
If you get the test because you’re taking heparin, you’d want your PTT results to be more like 120 to 140 seconds, and your aPTT to be 60 to 80 seconds.
If your number is higher than normal, it could mean several things, from a bleeding disorder to liver disease. You’ll usually get other tests at the same time depending on what your doctor’s looking for.
If your number is lower than normal, which doesn’t happen often, you may have a higher chance of getting blood clots and, for women, having several miscarriages. You’ll likely get more tests to find out what’s going on.
Continued
Will I Get Other Tests at the Same Time?
It depends on what your doctor’s looking for. To learn more about how your blood clots, you may get tests such as:
- Activated whole thrombin time test (ACT)
- Prothrombin time test (PT)
- Thrombin time test (TT)
Other tests you might get include:
- Dilute Russell viper venom test (DRVVT) to test for lupus anticoagulant, a sign that you have an immune system problem
- Platelet count, if you’re getting heparin therapy
- von Willebrand factor to check if you have von Willebrand disease
