Cambridge Checkpoint Mathematics supports the Cambridge Secondary 1 Mathematics curriculum framework (1112) for Stages 7-9 (typically covering three years of study). The series includes a coursebook, practice book and teacher’s resource CD-ROM for each stage.
Abraham, R. T. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev 15, 2177–2196 (2001).
Aguilera, A. & Gomez-Gonzalez, B. Genome instability: a mechanistic view of its causes and consequences. Nat Rev Genet 9, 204–217 (2008).
Annunziato, A. T. Split decision: what happens to nucleosomes during DNA replication? J Biol Chem 280, 12065–12068 (2005).
Boddy, M. N. & Russell, P. DNA replication checkpoint. Curr. Biol. 11, R953–R956 (2001).
Branzei, D. & Foiani, M. Interplay of replication checkpoints and repair proteins at stalled replication forks. DNA Repair (Amst) 6, 994–1003 (2007).
Branzei, D. & Foiani, M. Regulation of DNA repair throughout the cell cycle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 297–308 (2008).
Branzei, D. & Foiani, M. Maintaining genome stability at the replication fork. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11, 208–219 (2010).
Carr, A. M. DNA structure dependent checkpoints as regulators of DNA repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 1, 983–994 (2002).
Durocher, D. & Jackson, S. P. DNA-PK, ATM and ATR as sensors of DNA damage: variations on a theme? Curr Opin Cell Biol 13, 225–231 (2001).
Groth, A. et al. Chromatin challenges during DNA replication and repair. Cell 128, 721–733 (2007).
Hartwell, L. H. & Weinert, T. A. Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246, 629–634 (1989).
Heller, R. C. & Marians, K. J. Replisome assembly and the direct restart of stalled replication forks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7, 932–943 (2006).
Henikoff, S., Furuyama, T. & Ahmad, K. Histone variants, nucleosome assembly and epigenetic inheritance. Trends Genet 20, 320–326 (2004).
Kastan, M. B. & Bartek, J. Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. Nature 432, 316–323 (2004).
Katou, Y. et al. S-phase checkpoint proteins Tof1 and Mrc1 form a stable replication-pausing complex. Nature 424, 1078–1083 (2003).
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Intra-S phase checkpoint signaling
When replication stress is encountered, as during HU exposure, signals are transmitted through a kinase cascade. The paths compared between species are shown, and the given proteins in the pathway have functional similarity between species. At the top, signals are transmitted through the apical kinase: ATR in vertebrates; Mec1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast); Rad3 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). These kinases form a complex with adaptor proteins such as Atrip (or Ddc2, or Rad26) and transmit signals through transducers Claspin (or Mrc1 in yeast). For the purpose of this review, the ultimate target is the effector kinase: CHK1 in vertebrates, Rad53 in budding yeast, and Cds1 in fission yeast.
At a stalled DNA replication fork, how is replication restarted after DNA damage has been resolved?
What happens at the DNA replication fork? How does a replication fork stall?
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Marcin from Poland writes: | |||||
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Hello. Could you help me? I would like to know if there are three exceptions in the first conditional when the 'if-clause' clause includes 'will'. | |||||
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I think we can find three exceptions Marcin, but let's just confirm the more normal patterns first of all.
first conditional - future possibility / probability
if-clause = present tense/modal; main clause = will/going to/modal The normal patterns in the first conditional when we are discussing future possibility, as you suggest, Marcin, is for the if-clause to be in the present tense or to contain a modal verb. It is then the main clause that includes the will future or possibly the going to future or a further modal verb. Here are some examples: If I don't see you at the match on Saturday, I'll pop round on Sunday morning.
If the conditions are good over Christmas or the New Year, we may go skiing.
If you go to the pub again tonight, I'm going to lock you out of the house.
If you can't come to see us next weekend, we'll come and visit you.
If you complete the work by lunchtime, you can take the afternoon off.
In all of these examples, we are talking about conditions that must apply for something to happen.
However, if we are talking about future results rather than conditions, an if - will clause is used. So here is your first exception to the rule, Marcin:
If (you think) it will save our marriage, I'll try to supply up drinking.
I'll help to pay the course fees, if that will persuade you to apply to university.
Take the whole of next week off, if that will help you to recover.
if you will... = if you insist on...
This could be the second exception to the rule, but this use of will in the if-clause does not refer to future possibility, but instead has the same meaning as the verb insist on. In this usage a lot of word stress if placed upon will: If you will smoke twenty a day, it's not surprising you have a hacking cough. =
If you insist on smoking so much, it's not surprising you have a hacking cough
If she will eat so many chocolates, it's hardly surprising she has a spotty face.
if you won't... = if you refuse to...
Similarly, the negative of will in the if-clause has the same meaning as refuse to. As you read these examples, remember to place heavier word stress than normal on won't: If she won't come to Sardinia with us, there's nothing we can do to make her.
If she refuses to come to Sardinia with us, there's nothing we can do to make her.
What shall we do, if she won't agree to have the operation?
if you will / would = if you wouldn't mind...
This third exception to the rule doesn't have a conditional meaning either. This helps to explain why they are exceptions. Here we are using if + will or if + would as polite requests with the same meaning as if you wouldn't mind: If you'll just fill in this form before you go, you can hand it in to reception. =
If you wouldn't mind filling in this form before you go, you can leave it with reception.
If you would take a seat, the doctor will see you in five minutes.
If you wouldn't mind taking a seat, the doctor will see you in five minutes.
If you'd be so kind as to take a seat, the consultant will see you in five minutes.
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Home > Grammar, Vocabulary & Pronunciation > Ask about English |
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| Lots to do with 'do' | ||
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M Pedroso from Brazil asks: M. Pedroso from Brazil asks: Why is the auxiliary verb do used in affirmative sentences like this: ‘I do believe in some things’? |
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Roger replies: | more questions |
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You are quite right in suggesting that do is used as an auxiliary verb in questions and negative sentences, like these:
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Strong emphasis You are also quite right in suggesting that do is not normally used in affirmative sentences. However, it is used when we want to place strong emphasis on what we are saying to show that we feel strongly about it in a positive way. In all these cases, do is pronounced with strong stress. Consider the following:
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Contrastive emphasis There are three other circumstances when do is used in affirmative sentences or clauses. It is used for contrastive emphasis when we want to contrast one set of circumstances or point in time with another. Study the following:
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Polite Imperatives It is sometimes used with imperatives when we want to make a suggestion or invitation more polite or welcoming. Study the following:
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Avoiding repetition It is often used when we want to avoid repeating a verb which we have already used in the first part of the sentence. Consider the following:
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Cambridge Checkpoint Mathematics supports the Cambridge Secondary 1 Mathematics curriculum framework (1112) for Stages 7-9 (typically covering three years of study). The series includes a coursebook, practice book and teacher’s resource CD-ROM for each stage.
